| 5 functions of blood | transports, regulation of pH and osmosis, maintain of body temp., immunity, and clotting |
| what does blood transport? | nutrients & waste products, gases ( oxygen & carbon dioxide), processed molecules: vitamin d, lactic acid, enzymes, hormones |
| what is the regulation of pH and osmosis | 7.35-7.45 pH range which is maintained through buffers, ion balance ( sodium potassium, chlorine, calcium) |
| immunity cells and proteins are transported in where? | blood |
| what does blood clot? | proteins and fibers |
| blood is 55% of what? | matrix, liquid, plasma |
| blood is 45% of what? | cells and cell fragments |
| what type of tissue is blood? | connective tissue |
| Plasma is made of three components, name all three, which is the most abundant? | Plasma is made up of 91% water, 7% protein, and 2% other solutes (nutrients, ions, waste, etc.). Water is the most abundant, making up 91% of plasma. |
| The two main components of blood are ----- and ----, which is the most abundant? | liquid matrix and plasma, plasma |
| Which is the most abundant protein in blood? What is the function of this protein? Which body organ makes this protein? | plasma albumin, maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure, liver |
| List the types of globulins found in blood, and their function. Note the origin of these proteins (what organ makes them) | Alpha and beta are transport molecules,Gamma = immunity |
| What two types of plasma proteins transport thyroid hormones? What is the difference between plasma and serum? | alpha and beta, serum doesnt have fibrinogen and other clotting factors while plasma does |
| What is the buffy coat? Explain what is hematopoiesis and where it occurs, mention the specific places in adults where hematopoiesis occurs. | where leukoctyes and platelets are found. are blood cell formation takes place in red bone marrow in sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal epiphysis of humerus, and femur |
| What is a hemocytoblast, what would happen to blood if hemocytoblasts are destroyed ? | stem cell precursor of all formed elements found in red bone marrow |
| .- List some of the characteristics of a mature erythrocyte. What is the reason why RBC’s to loose their nucleus and organelles (what takes the place of these structures inside the cell)? | lacks nucleus and organelles, they are filled with hemoglobin(Hb) |
| What is the structure of hemoglobin? What part of the hemoglobin binds to oxygen? | embryonic Hb, fetal Hb, adult Hb. ebryonic Hb & fetal Hb |
| how many red blood cells are in males? | 4.6-6.2 million/microliter |
| how many red blood cells are in females? | 4.2-5.4 million/microliter |
| what are red blood cells? | are biconcave, flexible discs |
| what does the shape of red blood cells? | provides an increased surface that provides more room for hemoglobin |
| what does mature cells lack? | nucleus and oranelles |
| what are the functions for red blood cells? | transport 02 from lungs to tissue, transport co2 from tissue to lungs |
| what does hemoglobin consist of? | 2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains, bound to a heme group |
| what type of protein is hemoglobin? | globular protein |
| heme group consist of? | red pigment molecule w/ an Fe at its center |
| 1 iron/ heme group binds what? | each binds 1 oxygen |
| 4 heme groups/ hemoglobin.... | 4 oxygen/Hb molecule |
| whats the name of element of Hb w/ oxygen and what's its color? | oxyhemoglobin, bright red |
| name of element of Hb w/o oxygen and color? | deoxyhemoglobin, dark red |
| name of Hb+ CO2 and color? | carbaminohemoglobin, dark red |
| how long does erythropoiesis takes? | 4 days |
| when the cells mature in hemocytoblast, what is the last stage? | reticulocyte |
| what are the nutrients needed for erythropoiesis? | folate, b12, iron |
| how long does red blood cells live? | 120 days |
| old red blood cells are destroyed in the what, and phagocytized by what? | spleen, macrophages |
| hemoglobin is broke down into what two things, which is the break down of what? | heme and amino acid, globin protien |
| are iron recycled and reused? | yes |
| what is heme broken down into? | biliverdin + iron |
| whats biliverdin converted into? | free bilirubin |
| what is free bilirubin converted into and where? | conjugated bilirubin, liver |
| whats jaundice? | yellow coloration of skin and white of the eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin in blood |
| what causes jaundice? | infections, blockage of bile ducts, excessive destruction of red blood cells |
| what are leukocytes and where are they found? | white blood cells, found in buffy coat? |
| what are the two types of white blood cells? | granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| three types of granulocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| two types of agranulocytes? | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| immunce system cells characteristics | amoeboid movement, diapedesis, chemotaxis, pus |
| hos many percentage of white blood cells in neutrophils have? | 60-70% |
| what does neutrophils have? | granules and lobated nuclei(PMN) |
| neutrophilis are the first to do what? | first responders, first to leave circulation |
| neutrophils secretes.... | lysozymes(bacterial killing enzyme) |
| numbers of neutrophils increase during what? | bacterial infection |
| eosinophils has how many percentage of white blood cells? | 2-4% |
| eosinophils has what? | granules, 2 lobs of lobated nuclei |
| numbers elevated during what? | allergic and inflammatory reactions |
| when does eosinophils leave circulation? | inflammatory reactions |
| whats does eosinophils secrete? | anti-inflammatory chemicals called anti-histamins |
| how much are the percentage of circulation in basophils in white blood cells | 0.5-1% |
| what are the size of granules in basophils and what do they stain? | large, purple |
| numbers increased in basophils in | allergic and inflammatory reactions |
| what does histamin cause? | inflammation and heparin, which prevents clotting |
| percentage of circulation in lymphocytes | 20-25% |
| is lymphocytes slightly larger than red blood cells? | yes |
| where is lymphocytes most found in? | lymphatic tissue |
| what's lymphocytes involved in? | antibody production |
| when does numbers increase in lymphocytes | during viral infections |
| monocytes have what percentage od white blood cells? | 3-8% |
| is monocytes the largest of all white blood cell? | yes |
| what is monocytes made of? | phagocytic cells |
| what dies monocytes become? | tissue macrophages |
| numbers in monocytes increases during | prolonged infection |
| what is monocytes involve in? | lymphocyte activation |
| platelets are | cell fragments |
| platelets are made by | megakaryocytes |
| platelets prevent blood loss in two ways | forming platelets plug, promoting formation and contraction of clots that help seal breaks in vessels |
| 3 steps of hemostasis | vascular spasms,platelet plug formation, clotting or coagulation |
| what are vascular spasms | causes blood vessel to shrink |
| what is clotting or coagulation in hemostasis | formation of a fibrin clot |
| chemicals in vascular spasms | thromboxanes and endothelins |
| what is patelet plug formation | platelet adhesion to exposed collagen of damaged blood vessel |
| what does platelet release | ADP and thromboxanes |
| coagulation release what | thromboplastin |
| in extrinsic & intrinsic pathway, the activated factor x is a common pathway | true |
| prothrombinase converts | prothrombin- thrombin |
| thrombin converts | fibrinogen - fibrin |
| what are two characteristics of extrinsic pathway | its quicker, can be activated by glass |
| what its a characteristic on intrinsic pathway | produces more thrombin |
| in the control of clor formation, anticoagulats in blood have | heparin, antithrombin, prostacyclin |
| what is fibrinolysis | the process by which plasmin hydrolyzes clots |
| what is plasminogen | the precursor of plasmin |
| what does blood fractionation have | packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitates |
| most human red blood cells have what | a protein inserted in its cell membrane called antigen d |
| what is the percentge of the population that is Rh+ and has D protein in their red blood cells | 85-88% |
| a person who lacks antigen D will make what | antibody anti D if exposed to the antigen |
| when do antibodies develope? | ONLY after exposure to D antigen |
| what does a Rh negative mother carry | Rh positive fetus |
| what is the prevention of hemolytic disease of the newbrown | give mother anti-d antibodies |
| what does immunoglobulin contain | anti D antibodies |
| high hematocrit means | dehydration, low plasma |
| low hematocrit means | anemia, low red blood cells |
