What is the positive/negative washback effect?

Positive = it can be both! → e.g. motivational charge, if a S takes PET exam and succeeds, he/she would want to improve and move up the ladder (FCE → CAE → …) o Negative = depends on what the quality of the test and the whole process of testing is and what is done with the results of testing, how the results will be used in the future career, etc.