Anatomy mid term
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| Anatomy-study of structure Physiology-study of function | What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? |
| Subatomic particle, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism | What are the levels of organization? |
| Protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells | Subatomic Particle |
| Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, and excretion | What are the characteristics of life? |
| Change of the position of the body or body part | Characteristic of life-movement |
| Reaction to a change inside or outside of the body | Characteristic of life-responsiveness |
| Increase in body size without change of shape | Characteristic of life-growth |
| Production of new organisms and new cells | Characteristic of life-reproduction |
| Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods | Characteristic of life-respiration |
| Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used | Characteristic of life-digestion |
| Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids | Characteristic of life-absorption |
| Movement of substances in body fluids | Characteristic of life-circulation |
| Changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms | Characteristic of life-assimilation |
| Removal of wastes produces by metabolic reactions | Characteristic of life-excretion |
| Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure | What are the requirements of life? |
| Regulation of body temperature | Why is water important? |
| Provides necessary nutrients and provides energy | Why is food important? |
| Used to release energy from nutrients | Why is oxygen important? |
| Maintain body temperature and controls rate of metabolic reations | Why is heat important? |
| Atmospheric pressure-breathing hydrostatic pressure-keeps blood flowing | Why is pressure important? |
| Maintenance of a stable internal environment | Homeostasis |
| Self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed | What is a homeostatic mechanism? |
| Atom | What is the basic unit of matter? |
| Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons | What is the structure of an atom? |
| Carries no electric charge | Neutron |
| Carries a single negative charge | Electron |
| Strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons | What is a covalent bond? |
| Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom | What is an ionic bond? |
| A weak attraction between the slightly positive (H) end of one polar molecule and the slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar molecule | What is a hydrogen bond? |
| More complex chemical structure is formed A+B-AB | Synthesis Reaction |
| Chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure AB-A+B | Decomposition Reaction |
| Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed AB+CD-AD+CB | Exchange Reaction |
| The products can change back to the reactants A+B<->AB | Reversible Reaction |
| The starting materials of a chemical reaction; the atoms, ions, or molecules | What is a reactant? |
| Substances formed at the end of a chemical reaction | What is a product? |
| The charged ions are attracted to the slightly charged ends of the polar water molecules-electrolyte is produced | What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water? |
| A pH of <7; greater concentration H+ than OH- | What is an acid? |
| A pH of >7; higher concentration of OH- than H+ | What is a base? |
| Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution | What is the pH scale? |
| Organic contains C and H and inorganic does not | What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? |
| Anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the equivalent of a water molecule | Dehydration synthesis |
| Organic compound consisting of 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, and 1 oxygen | What are carbohydrates? |
| Group of organic compounds that includes triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, and steroids | What are lipids? |
| A molecule that is composed of bonded nucleotides; RNA or DNA | What are nucleic acids? |
| Consist of 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids; used for cellular energy | Triglyceride molecule |
| Consist of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate; major component of cell membrane | Phospholipid molecule |
| 4 connected rings of carbon; component of cell membranes, synthesizes adrenal and sex hormones; cholesterol is the main steroid | Steroid molecule |
| Organic compound that includes an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a structural unit of a protein molecule | What is an amino acid? |
| Protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction | What are enzymes? |
| DNA contains deoxyribose-RNA contains ribose; DNA has a double helix-RNA is a single strand | What is the difference between DNA and RNA? |
| Outer boundary of the cell; maintains integrity of the cell; regulates entry and exit of substances | Describe the cell membrane? |
| Dense core of an atom; composed of protons and neutrons | Describe the nucleus? |
| Consists of networks of membranes and organelles suspended in cytosol; contains the cytoskeleton | Describe the cytoplasm? |
| Fluid portion of the cytoplasm | What is cytosol? |
| Structural support; link amino acids in protein synthesis | Function of ribosomes? |
| Lipid synthesis | Function of smooth er? |
| Protein synthesis | Function of rough er? |
| Refines, packages, and delivers proteins made on the rough er | Function of golgi apparatus? |
| House chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients; "power house" of the cell | Function of mitochondria? |
| Digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, and worn out cell parts; "garbage disposal" of cells | Functions of lysosome? |
| Digest lipids, alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide | Function of peroxisome? |
| Produce spindle fibers during cell division, which distribute chromosomes to form daughter cells | Function of centrosome? |
| Propel mucus in respiratory tract, propel egg towards uterus | Function of cilia? |
| Causes the entire cell to move; motile extension | Function of flagella? |
| Store or transport substances | Funtion of vesicle? |
| Seperates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm | Function of nuclear envelope? |
| Allows passage of certain substances through pores | Function of nuclear pores? |
| Produces ribosomes | Function of nucleolus? |
| Stores information for protein synthesis | Function of chromatin? |
| Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration | Define diffusion |
| Diffusion across the cell membrane through ion channels or transporters | Define facilitated diffusion |
| Process that forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure | Define filtration |
| Movement of substances across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (against the concentration gradient) | Define active transport |
| Movement of substances into the cell inside of a vesicle | Define endocytosis |
| Release of substances/particles from the cell | Define exocytosis |
| Quickly transports substances from one end of the cell to another | Define transcytosis |
| Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis | What processes requires energy (ATP)? |
| Has no net gain or loss of water | What is an isotonic solution? |
| Lower osmotic pressure cells, gain water | What is a hypotonic solution? |
| Higher osmotic pressure cells; lose water | What is a hypertonic solution? |