CH 1 and 2 Evolution of Nursing
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CH 1 and 2 Evolution of Nursing - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| “Nightingale Plan” | Nurses’ trained for 1 year, complete records were kept on each student, became the model for nursing education in 20th century. |
| The National League for Nurses (NLN) released what in 2014? | Recognizing the LPN/LVN as a valued member of the professional nursing team. |
| Pesthouses | Hospital; were dirty, overcrowded filled with patients, care was limited, providers were untrained, hygienic practices poor, place to contract diseases. |
| Theodor Fliedner | German pastor from Germany, Lutheran Order of Deaconesses established first school of nursing in mid-1800s. |
| Florence Nightingale | First nursing theorist, “Lady of the Lamp”, in 1860, she began the reformation of nursing by establishing the nursing school of Saint Thomas hospital in London. |
| In 1849, Theodore Fliedner, who had established Nightingales alma mater, traveled where? | To the U.S. with 4 highly trained nurse deaconesses. Instrumental in establishment of 1st Protestant Hospital on American shores located in Pittsburg, called Pittsburg Infirmary. |
| Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) | Pioneer crusader for elevation of standards of care for the mentally ill, superintendent of Female Nurses of the Union Army. |
| Clara Barton (1821-1912) | Developed the American Cross in 1881. |
| Mary Ann Ball (1817-1930) | One of the greatest nurse heroines of the Civil War. |
| Linda Richards (1841-1930) | First trained nurse in America. Responsible for the development of the first nursing and hospital records. Credited with the development of our present-day documentation system. |
| Abandonment of Care | Wrongful termination of providing care |
| Assault | An intentional threat to cause bodily harm to another; does not have to include actual bodily contact |
| Battery | Unlawful touching of another person without informed consent |
| Competency | A legal presumption that a person who has reached the age of majority can make decisions for herself or himself unless proved otherwise (if she or he has been legally declared incompetent) |
| Defamation | Spoken or written statements made maliciously and intentionally that may injure the subjects reputation |
| Harm | Injury to a person or the persons property that gives rise to a basis for a legal action against the person who caused the damage |
| Libel | A malicious or untrue writing about another person that is brought to the attention of others |
| Malpractice | Failure to meet a legal duty, thus causing harm to another |
| Negligence | The commission (doing) of an act or the omission (not doing) of an act that a reasonably prudent person would have performed in a similar situation, thus causing harm to another person |
| Slander | Malicious or untrue spoken words about another person that are brought to the attention of others |
| Tort | A type of civil law that involves wrongs against a person or property; torts include negligence, assault, battery, defamation, fraud, false imprisonment, and invasion of privacy |
| Advocate | One who defends or pleads a cause or issue on behalf of another. A nurse advocate has a legal and ethical obligation to safeguard the patients interests. |
| In 1972 the American Hospital Association (AHA) issued what? | Patients Bill of Rights; ensure the patients fundamental rights for treatment with dignity and compassion protected. |
| NCLEX-PN | National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nursing |
| NFLPN | National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses |
| NAPNES | National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service |
| NAPNE | National Association of Practical Nurse Education |
| YWCA | Young Women’s Christian Association |
| ANA | American Nurse Association |
| NLN | National League of Nurses |
| What are the 4 major concepts that were the basis for all nursing models of care? | Nursing: roles and actions of the nurses. Patient: individual who receives care. Health: are along the wellness-illness continuum that the patient occupies. Environment: setting for the nurse-patient interaction. |
| Practical and Vocational nursing is identified as... | The activity of providing specific services to patients under the direct supervision of a RN or licensed physician. |
| In 1849, Theodore Fliedner, who had established Nightingale’s alma mater, traveled where? | To the U.S. with 4 highly trained nurse deaconesses. |
| Mary Breckinridge (1881-1965) | Pioneer in nurse-midwifery. Established the Frontier Nursing Service to deliver obstetric care to mothers in the hills of Kentucky; these nurses traveled on horseback to reach the mothers. |
| Mary Adelaide Nutting | Leader in nursing education. Developed curriculum concepts and guidelines for student nurses. Assisted in the development of the International Council of Nurses. |
| Lillian D. Wood | Responsible for the development of public nursing in the U.S. through the founding. Of the Henry St. settlement in NYC. |
| Mary Eliza Mahoney | Graduated from New England Hospital for women and children in 1879. First African-American professional nurse. Worked for acceptance of African Americans in the nursing profession. |
| Lavina Dock | Responsible, with Robb, for the organization of the American Society of Superintendents of training schools, which evolved into the National League for Nursing education. |
| Isabel Hampton Robb | Organized the first graded system of theory and practice in schools of nursing. One of the founders of the American Journal of Nursing. |
| What does the Bill of Rights address? | The need to respect all patients as individuals. |
| Lillian Kuster | Founded the National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN) Limited to LPN/LVNs. Official membership organization for the LPN/LVN. |
| Laws | Prescribe proper behavior in society; they sanction acceptable behavior and prohibit unacceptable behavior. |
| What are the two primary categories of law? | Criminal and Civil. |
| Characteristics of Criminal Law? | Conduct at issue is offensive to society in general. Conduct at issue is detrimental to society as a whole. The law involves public offenses (robbery, murder, assault). Law’s purpose to punish for the crime and deter and prevent further crimes. |
| Characteristics of Civil Law? | Conduct at issue violates a person’s rights. Conduct at issue is detrimental to that individual. The law involves an offense that is against an individual. Laws purpose is to make the aggrieved person whole again, to restore the person to where he or she was. |
| What methods did medicine men perform during witchcraft and rituals to induce bad spirits to leave the body? | Use of frightening masks, noises, incantations, vile odors, charms, spells, sacrifices, laxatives and emetics, hot and cold substances, cautery, cupping. |
| Nightingales Theory | To facilitate “the body’s reparative processes” by arranging the patients environment |
| Orems Theroy | To care for and help patient attain total self-care |
| Leiningers Theory | To provide care consistent with nursings emerging science and knowledge, with caring as the central focus. |
| Roys Theory | To identify types of demands placed on patient assess adaptation to demands, and help patients adapt. |
| Parses Theroy | To focus on humans as unitary living beings and humanity’s health qualitative participating with the health experience. |
| Banner and Wrubels Theory | To focus on patients needs for caring as a means of coping with stressors of illness. |
| Malpractice | Refers to professional negligence. |
| What elements must be present for liability to be established? | Duty refers the established relationship between the patient and nurse. Breach of duty is failure to perform the duty in a reasonable, prudent manner. Harm has occurred; this does not need to be physical. The breach of duty was the proximate cause of the occurrence of the breach. |
| Advocate | Is one who defends or pleads a cause or issue on behalf of another. A nurse advocate has a legal and ethical obligation to safeguard the patients interests. |
| Standards of care | Define acts whose performance is required, permitted, or prohibited. |
| Maslows Hierarchy | Self-actual inaction: full use of individuals talents. Esteem: self-respect, self-confidence, feelings of self-worth. Love and belongingness: affection, acceptance by peers and community. Safety and security: stability, protection, security, freedom from fear and anxiety. Physiologic: nutrition, elimination, oxygen, sexuality. |
| Health care institutions are obligated to uphold the patients rights to... | 1. Access to health care without any prejudice. 2. Treatment with respect and dignity at all times. 3. Privacy and confidentiality. 4. Personal safety. 5. Complete information about ones own condition and treatment. |
| Doctrine of informed consent | Refers to full disclosure of the facts the patient needs to make an intelligent (informed) decision before any invasive treatment or procedure is performed. |
| What are the HIPAA identifiers? | 1. Names. 2. Geographic locations smaller than a state - includes zip code, city, county, precinct. 3. Dates - includes admission dates, discharge date, date of death, and all ages over 89. 4. Phone numbers. 5. Fax numbers. 6. Electronic mail addresses. 7. Social security numbers. 8. Medical record number. 9. Health plan beneficiary. 10. Account numbers. 11. Certification/license numbers. 12. Vehicle identifiers. 13. Device identifiers and serial numbers. 14. URL’s. 15. Internet protocol (IP) addresses. |
| Euthanasia | Withholding of lifesaving treatment and care (letting a person die). |
| “Private Citizen” | Nurses are not required to offer assistance when they are acting as a ‘private citizen’. |
| Good Samaritan Laws | Provide immunity from liability in certain circumstances. It is used to encourage assistance in emergencies that occur outside of a medical facility. |
| Ethics | Refers to the values that influence a persons’ behavior and the individuals feelings and beliefs about what is right or wrong. |
| Advanced Directives | Are signed and witnessed documents that provide specific instructions for health care treatment if a person is unable to make there decisions personally at the time they were needed. |
| Two types of advanced directives | Living wills: written document that directs treatment in accordance with a patients wishes in the entente of a terminal illness or condition. Durable Powers of Attorney for health care: designates an agent, surrogate, or proxy to make health care decisions on the patients behalf based on the patients wishes. |
| Ethical Principles of nursing practice are... | Respect for people, autonomy (freedom of personal choice), beneficence (doing good or acting for someone’s good), nonmaleficence (to do no harm), and justice (concept of what is fair). |
| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act |
| American Hospital Association (AHA) developed what? | Patient’s Bill of Rights. |