GCSE Physics 2
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| How can efficiency be increased in energy transfers? | Efficiency can be increased by reducing the amount of dissipated energy in the system. |
| When a person is throwing a ball, at the ball's highest point, where has all the energy been transferred in the case of the ball? | All the energy has been transferred from the kinetic energy store to the gravitational potential energy store. |
| What is a system? | An object or a group of objects. |
| How can efficiency be increased in energy transfers? | Efficiency can be increased by reducing the amount of dissipated energy in the system. |
| How is energy related to systems? | Energy is stored in systems, which can be individual objects or groups of objects. |
| What do systems have? | Energy. |
| Energy is measured in joules (J), a standard unit of measurement. | Measurement of Energy |
| In what unit is energy measured? | Joules (J) |
| What unit is used to measure energy? | Energy is measured in joules (J). |
| According to the principle that energy can't be created or used up, what is this known as? | Conservation of Energy. |
| The principle that energy cannot be created or used up. | Conservation of Energy |
| What is the conservation of energy? | The conservation of energy is the idea that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms. |
| How is energy stored in systems? | In different energy stores. |
| Different forms of energy storage within a system, such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, etc. | Energy Stores |
| When does energy transfer occur in a system? | When a system changes. |
| What are energy stores in a system? | Energy stores are various forms of energy, like kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical, within a system. |
| Are there different types of energy? | No, there aren't different types of energy; there are different ways of storing it. |
| The process of energy changing from one form to another when a system undergoes a change. | Energy Transfer |
| Name 7 different energy stores. | Chemical Elastic potential Electrostatic Gravitational potential Kinetic Magnetic Nuclear |
| What happens when a system changes? | Energy is transferred as the system undergoes a change. |
| Why is it important to be able to describe energy transfers in different situations? | To understand how energy moves and changes forms in various processes. |
| When a person is throwing a ball, what kind of work is done by the person's arm? | Work is done to transfer energy from the arm's chemical energy store to its kinetic energy store. |
| What is the measure of the amount of energy transferred in a system change? | The amount of energy transferred is often called "work done." |
| Alterations in how energy is stored when systems undergo changes. | Changes in Energy Storage |
| When a person is throwing a ball, how is energy transferred from the person's arm to the ball? | Energy is transferred from the arm's kinetic energy store to the ball's kinetic energy store. |
| When a person is throwing a ball, what happens to the ball's kinetic energy as it moves upwards? | The ball's kinetic energy decreases as it slows down due to the force of gravity. |
| What happens to energy storage during system changes? | There are changes in the way energy is stored when systems change. |
| When a person is throwing a ball, at the ball's highest point, where has all the energy been transferred in the case of the ball? | All the energy has been transferred from the kinetic energy store to the gravitational potential energy store. |
| Various forms of storing energy, including chemical, elastic potential, electrostatic, gravitational potential, kinetic, magnetic, and nuclear. | Types of Energy Storage |
| When a person is throwing a ball, what happens to the energy as the ball falls again? | The energy from the gravitational potential energy store is transferred back to the kinetic energy store. |
| What are the different energy stores? | Energy can be found in different stores, such as chemical, elastic potential, electrostatic, gravitational potential, kinetic, magnetic, and nuclear. |
| Define a closed system. | A closed system is a system where energy cannot enter or leave. |
| The process of energy changing from one form to another during different situations. | Energy Transfers |
| The energy transfers when a person throws a ball, involving changes from chemical energy to kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy. | Work Done in Throwing a Ball |
| What can happen to energy in a closed system? | Energy can only be transferred usefully, stored, or dissipated by the objects within the system. |
| Describe the energy transfers when a person throws a ball upwards. | Energy is transferred from the arm's chemical energy store to its kinetic energy store, then to the ball's kinetic energy store. As the ball moves upwards, energy is transferred to its gravitational potential energy store. |
| Can energy be created or destroyed in a closed system? | No, energy cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system. |
| The energy transfers during the fall of a ball, involving changes from gravitational potential energy back to kinetic energy. | Energy Transfers in Falling Ball |
| What does the principle of conservation of energy state about the total amount of energy in a closed system? | The total amount of energy in a closed system always stays the same. |
| What happens to energy as a ball falls? | As the ball falls, energy is transferred from its gravitational potential energy store back to its kinetic energy store. |
| Can there be a net change in the amount of energy found in a closed system? | No, there can be no net change in the amount of energy in a closed system. |
| A table summarizing energy transfers in common situations. | Summary of Energy Transfers |
| How does one describe the entire Universe in terms of energy? | The entire Universe is described as a closed system, with trillions of objects constantly transferring energy between them. |
| What defines a closed system? | A closed system is defined by the characteristic that energy cannot enter or leave; it can only be transferred, stored, or dissipated within the objects within the system. |
| Is there a constant total amount of energy in the entire Universe, according to the text? | Yes, the total amount of energy in the entire Universe always stays the same. |
| The principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system, and the total amount of energy remains constant. | Conservation of Energy in Closed Systems |
| In the example given, what do boxes represent in the diagram? | Boxes represent energy stores. |
| What is the conservation of energy in closed systems? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system; the total amount of energy always remains constant. |
| What do arrows represent in the energy transfer diagram? | Arrows represent the direction of energy transfer. |
| The concept that in a closed system, there can be no net change in the total amount of energy. | Net Change in Energy |
| What is the principle regarding net change in energy in closed systems? | In a closed system, there can be no net change in the total amount of energy. |
| How are Sankey diagrams composed, and what do different widths of arrows signify? | Sankey diagrams are made up of arrows of different widths. The thicker the width of the arrow, the more energy that's transferred. |
| Considering the entire Universe as a closed system, where energy is constantly transferred among trillions of objects. | Universe as a Closed System |
| How is energy dissipated in system changes? | In all system changes, some energy is dissipated so that it's stored in less useful ways (or wasted). |
| How can we conceptualize the Universe in terms of energy? | The entire Universe can be thought of as a closed system, with energy constantly being transferred between trillions of objects, but the total amount of energy in the Universe always stays the same. |
| Can you recall the equation for calculating the efficiency of an energy transfer? | Efficiency (%) = (Useful energy transferred / Total energy supplied) × 100 |
| Diagrams used to represent energy transfers, with boxes symbolizing energy stores and arrows indicating the direction of energy transfer. | Energy Transfer Diagrams |
| If 50 J of energy are supplied to a light bulb and 10 J are usefully transferred, what is the efficiency of the bulb? | Efficiency = (10 J / 50 J) × 100 = 20% |
| How are energy transfers often represented in diagrams? | Energy transfers are often represented using diagrams, where boxes represent energy stores, and arrows indicate the direction of energy transfer. |
| Diagrams composed of arrows of varying widths, with the thickness of the arrow representing the amount of energy transferred. | Sankey Diagrams |
| Why are systems never 100% efficient? | Because only some energy is usefully transferred, while the rest is dissipated. |
| What is unique about Sankey diagrams in representing energy transfers? | Sankey diagrams use arrows of different widths to represent the amount of energy transferred; thicker arrows indicate more significant energy transfers. |
| What effect does reducing the amount of dissipated energy have on the efficiency of an energy transfer? | Reducing the amount of dissipated energy will increase the efficiency of the energy transfer. |
| The representation of energy efficiency in Sankey diagrams, where thicker arrows indicate more energy transferred usefully. | Energy Efficiency in Sankey Diagrams |
| How is energy efficiency represented in Sankey diagrams? | Thicker arrows in Sankey diagrams indicate more energy transferred usefully, reflecting higher energy efficiency. |
| The dissipation of energy in all system changes, leading to storage in less useful ways or wastage. | Energy Dissipation in System Changes |
| What happens to some energy in all system changes? | In all system changes, some energy is dissipated, stored in less useful ways, or wasted. |
| An equation used to calculate energy efficiency: | Efficiency of Energy Transfer Equation |
| What is the equation to calculate the efficiency of an energy transfer? | The efficiency of an energy transfer is calculated using the equation: Efficiency = (Useful Energy Transferred / Total Energy Supplied) (× 100). |
| The overall efficiency of a system, considering the useful energy transferred and the total energy supplied. | System Efficiency |
| Why are systems never 100% efficient? | Systems are never 100% efficient because only some energy is usefully transferred, while the rest is dissipated. |
| Enhancing the efficiency of energy transfers by reducing the amount of dissipated energy. | Increasing Efficiency |
| How can efficiency be increased in energy transfers? | Efficiency can be increased by reducing the amount of dissipated energy in the system. |
| The concept that all charged objects generate electric fields around themselves, creating a zone where electric forces can act on other charged objects. | Charged Objects and Electric Fields |
| The effect that an electric field has on a charged object, causing it to experience a force if placed within the field. | Force in an Electric Field |
| The phenomenon where a charged object within an electric field interacts with another charged object, causing the latter to experience an electric force. | Interaction with Other Charged Objects |
| The method of using arrows to visually depict electric fields, where the arrows convey the direction and strength of the field. | Electric Field Representation |
| The principle that the closer the arrows are in an electric field representation, the stronger the field is at that point. | Arrow Spacing in Electric Fields |
| The electric field between two parallel charged plates, where the field lines are parallel and evenly spaced, indicating a uniform field. | Parallel Plates--Electric Field |
| Electric field lines between parallel plates that are oriented perpendicular to the plates, going from the positive to the negative plate. | Perpendicular Field Lines |
| A type of electric field between parallel plates where the field strength is consistent throughout the space between the plates, indicated by evenly spaced field lines. | Uniform Electric Field |
| The occurrence of sparks in the presence of electric fields, typically resulting from a high potential difference between a charged object and a conductor. | Sparking in Electric Fields |
| The voltage or electric potential energy difference between two points, responsible for generating sparks when sufficiently high. | Potential Difference |
| An intense electric field created by a high potential difference between a charged object and a conductor, capable of producing sparks. | Strong Electric Field |