ONCOLOGY
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ONCOLOGY - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Generation/creation of tumors | Oncogenesis |
| Capability of inducing tumor formation | Oncogenicity |
| 2 general characteristics of neoplasms | Behave as Parasites Autonomy |
| Neoplasms compete with normal tissues and cells for their metabolic needs | Behave as parasites |
| All neoplasms are critically dependent on an adequate blood supply derived from the host | Behave as parasites |
| Quantitative increase in the NUMBER of cells | Hyperplasia |
| Protective or adaptive response | Metaplasia |
| Almost always reversible | Epithelial |
| 2 PRINCIPAL CRITERAI IN DIAGNOSING CANCER | Anaplasia and evidence of invasion |
| Malignant transformation wherein the entire thickness of the epithelium is involved with dysplastic changes | Carcinoma in Situ |
| BENIGN (Differentiation) | Resembles tissue of origin |
| BENIGN (ANAPLASIA) | Absent |
| BENIGN (ENLARGEMENT) | Usually progressive |
| BENIGN (GROWTH) | SLOW GROWING |
| BENIGN (SPREAD) | Expansile Localized Encapsulated |
| BENIGN (PROGNOSIS) | Amenable to surgical removal Patient survival is good |
| MALIGNANT (DIFFERENTIATION) | Less differentiated Often atypical |
| MALIGNANT (ANAPLASIA) | PRESENT |
| MALIGNANT (ENLARGEMENT) | FAST GROWING |
| MALIGNANT (SPREAD) | Invasive Metastatic Unencapsulated |
| MALIGNANT (PROGNOSIS) | Immediate treatment needed or progressive spread follows Poor prognosis |
| Tumor of cartilaginous tissue | Chondroma |
| Tumor of cartilaginous tissue | Chondroma |
| Any stratified squamous epithelium of the body | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Lesion where neoplastic epithelial cells grown in gland patterns; malignant counterpart of adenoma | Adenocarcinoma |
| Parenchyma Stroma | TWO BASIC COMPONENTS OF TUMORS |
| Proliferating neoplastic cells | PARENCHYMA |
| Extremely well differentiated. – cells resemble very closely the normal | BENIGN (PARENCHYMA) |
| Wide range in parenchymal cell differentiation | MALIGNANT (PARENCHYMA) |
| “fleshy tumor” | Sarcoma |
| 4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS | Seeding of Cancers Transplantation Lymphatic Drainage Blood Vessel Invasion |
| Example: Cancer of mucosa at wall of gut + visceral peritoneum | Seeding of Cancers |
| Transport of tumor cell fragments by surgical instruments or surgeon’s gloved hands to sites away from the origin of the cancer | Transplantation |
| Most common pathway | Lymphatic Drainage |
| Most important other than lymphatic drainage | Blood Vessel Invasion |
| Protein of extracellular matrix | Laminin molecule |
| Thin fibrous extracellular matrix that separates the external and internal surface underlying connective tissue; always contains laminin molecule | Basal lamina (basement membrane) |
| MECHANISM OF INVASION | Laminin molecule > Attachment of tumor cell to Laminin molecule > Attachment of tumor cell to basement membrane via laminin molecule > Dissolution > Invasion |
| Triggers to the formation of cancer | PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER |
| PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER | Geographic and Racial Factors, Environmental and Cultural Influences, Environmental and Cultural Influences Heredity , Acquired Preneoplastic disorders |
| Caucasians are prone to skin cancer due to lack of melanin pigments; thus they want to sunbathe | Geographic and Racial Factors |
| Carcinoma of the skin; most rampant type of cancer among Caucasians | Xeroderma Pigmentosum |
| Habits in provinces or cultures e.g., chewing betel nut; develops squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity Habits in provinces | Environmental and Cultural Influences |
| Pediatric and geriatric patients are more prone to cancers due to low immune system | Age and Childhood Cancer |
| Genetics | Heredity |
| Having a precancerous disorder that leads to the formation of cancer | Acquired Preneoplastic disorders |
| 1. Chemical Carcinogens 2. Radiation 3. Oncogenic Viruses | CARCINOGENIC AGENTS |
| Anti-cancer drugs but regrettably have been documented to induce lymphoid neoplasms, leukemia, and other forms of cancer | Direct-Acting Alkylating Agent |
| Most potent carcinogens | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
| Causes bladder cancer (aniline dye and rubber industries | Beta-naphthylamine |
| Widely used as precursor to pesticides and dyes | Aromatic amines – |
| Produced by plants and microorganisms | Naturally occurring carcinogens |
| Formed in the GI tract of humans | Nitrosamines and Amides |
| Ultimate carcinogen | Alkyl diazonium ions |
| Carcinogen from microwave | D-nitrosodienthanolamines |
| Inhalation of metal dust causes cancer of the lungs | Chromium, nickel, and other metals |
| Derived from the sun | RADIATION |
| DEGREE OF RISK OF THE ULTRAVIOLET RAYS DEPENDS ON THE : | - Intensity of exposure - Melanin quantity in the skin |
| EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON CELLS : | - Inhibition of cell division - Inactivation of enzymes - Induction of mutation - Sufficient dosage kills the cell |
| Molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases via photochemical reaction; leads to transcriptional errors | Pyrimidine dimers |
| Radiant energy that causes chromosomal breakage, translocation, and point mutations | Ionizing Radiation |
| Disease of survivors of a bomb dropped in Nagasaki and Hiroshima | Leukemia, thyroid, breast, colon, and pulmonary carcinoma |
| Causes neoplastic transformation | DNA viruses |
| Allow complete viral replication but die upon release of newly formed virus; a.k.a. willing cells | Permissive cells |
| - Can develop benign epithelial tumors or papillomas of the skin | Human Papilloma virus |