PE2420
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234 questions
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| How much heat is released when a food is combusted? • Measured by increase in water temp around chamber • kcal/Calorie = increase 1kg water 1°C | Bomb calorimetry |
| • carbohydrates • protein • fat • alcohol | What provides energy (ATP)? |
| 24 hour dietary recall, food frequency questionnaire | Retrospective |
| Diet record (manual or computer calculated) | Prospective |
| People tend to overestimate activity and underestimate intake, can be up to 30%! | Problem with measuring calorie intake |
| Total Energy Expenditure = resting metabolism + thermic effect of food + physical activity | 3 factors determine # of kcal used per day |
| Energy needed to keep the body alive | Resting metabolism |
| Energy used for digestion and absorption | Thermic effect of food |
| Energy used for activity • this is where the most change can be made | Physical activity |
| • same principles as underwater weighing but displaces air instead of water • equally accurate • more convenient • expensive | Plethysmography (Bod Pod) (measures body composition) |
| • less invasive than most methods • more expensive than most methods • very accurate | Radiologic Methods (measures body composition) |
| Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) CT scan or MRI | Other Methods to Assess Body Composition |
| Measuring waist circumference • Men < 102 cm • Women < 88 cm | Estimate visceral fat by |
| Higher incidence of: • heart disease • high blood pressure • stroke • diabetes | Risk associated with visceral fat |
| 1. Physiological factors 2. Food production & consumption 3. Physical activity & psychosocial factors | What Dictates Body Composition |
| Genetics Epigenetics (how genes are expressed) Medications Hormones and Proteins Metabolism Gut microbiota | Physiological Factors (Body Composition) |
| Emotions media influence level of physical activity has decreased environment obesogenic environment | Physical Activity & Psychosocial factors |
| • depression • severe mental disorder • cardiovascular disease (heart failure, abnormal heartbeat) • asthma • COPD | Associated with increased body weight |
| • anxiety • dementia • cancers (lung, colon, prostate, breast) - conflicting studies here • Type 1 diabetes | Not associated with increased body weight |
| “negative attitudes, mistreatment, and discrimination based on weight status, particularly negative attitudes toward the obese” (p. 283) | Weight stigmatization |
| Measures associations between concepts and evaluations (in this case fat/thin and good/bad) | Implicit Association Test (IAT) |
| Pancreas Gall bladder Salivary glands Liver | Accessory organs |
| Small intestine Large intestine Esophagus Oral cavity, tongue, teeth Stomach Pharynx | Major subdivisions |
| Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport | 4 Methods of Absorption |
| Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration | Simple diffusion |
| Diffusion of water (depends on concentration of other substances on each side of cell membrane) | Osmosis |
| Carrier molecule helps move molecule from high to low concentration | Facilitated diffusion |
| Carrier molecule helps move molecule from low to high concentration but need energy (ATP) | Active transport |
| Affects ability to digest & absorb if not getting enzymes needed | Pancreatic & gallbladder problems |
| Related to intestinal issues | Diarrhea & constipation |
| Three systems: Creatine phosphate Anaerobic glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation | How Do We Rephosphorylate ADP? |
| Creatine phosphate can be synthesized in liver & kidneys from amino acids | What is used to rephosphorylate ATP |
| Breaks down carbohydrate (glucose) to form ATP | Anaerobic Glycolysis System |
| Is a number from 0 to 100 assigned to a particular food, with pure glucose being 100, which represents the relative rise in blood glucose levels 2 hours post consumption. | Glycemic index or GI |
| More than 10 monosaccharides | Polysaccharides |
| Mostly endosperm | Refined grains |
| At least half of grain servings are whole grain | Grain Recommendations |
| Insulin (released from beta cells) Glucagon (released from alpha cells) | Regulation of blood glucose by pancreatic hormones |
| Blood glucose rises pancreas releases insulin insulin stimulates muscles and liver to take in glucose promotes storage of glucose as glycogen and storage of fats and protein | Glucose Regulation in the Body - After eating carbohydrates |
| Blood glucose drops pancreas releases glucagon glucagon stimulates liver to release stored glucose muscles can use stored glucose stimulates release of fats and protein to be converted to glucose | Glucose Regulation in the Body - After After fasting |
| Effect of a carbohydrate on blood glucose level | Glycemic response |
| Ranking of how a food affects glycemic response | Glycemic index (GI) |
| Legumes, beans, apples, milk | Low GI foods |
| Oranges, bananas, sweet potatoes, ice cream, many yogurts | Moderate GI foods |
| Contains carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen + nitrogen Formed from amino acids 20 amino acids | Chemical Composition of Protein |
| 9 | How many essential amino acids |
| 4 | How many nonessential amino acids |
| 7 | How many conditionally essential amino acids |
| Animal proteins some non-animal sources (soy, quinoa, chia) | Examples of complete proteins |
| Plant proteins | Examples of incomplete proteins |
| Growth (incl. brain development) skin integrity fertility structure and function of cell membranes promote blood clotting | Essential fatty acids are important for |
| Good source of essential fatty acids Regular fish consumption reduces risk of death from heart disease | Benefits of seafood consumption |
| Not all fish have high amounts of essential fatty acids Mercury and other toxins can contaminate Fish farms Risks of consuming raw fish | Risks of seafood consumption |
| Produces bile | Liver |
| Stores bile secretes bile as needed | Gall bladder |
| Pancreatic lipase secreted | Pancreas |
| Shape to body stored energy insulate body from temperature changes protect internal organs against physical shock creating hormones | Functions of fat in the body |
| Bile salts, vitamin D, and several hormones, including the sex hormones (estrogen, androgen, and progesterone) as well as cortisol | Cholesterol is used for the production of |
| Breaking down fatty acids to convert to acetyl-CoA | Beta-oxidation [2] |
| Prolonged fasting very low CHO diet strenuous exercise type I diabetic | Ketosis: high level of ketones in blood happens when: |
| Dry, scaly skin liver abnormalities poor wound healing growth failure in infants impaired hearing and vision | Not enough essential fatty acids in diet Symptoms include: |
| Consuming omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats Consuming monounsaturated fats Consuming plant foods Adequate intake of B vitamins Moderate alcohol consumption | Reducing Risk of Heart Disease - Dietary factors |
| Quit smoking Exercise Reduce waist circumference Lose weight if overweight Control diabetes & high blood pressure | Reducing Risk of Heart Disease - Lifestyle factors |
| Saturated fats: less than 10% of diet Trans fats: less than 1% of diet Cholesterol: less than 300mg per day Generally: 1.0 g/kg body weight | Fat recommendations |
| Less than 0.5g | Fat free |
| Less than 3g | Low fat |
| 25% less than comparable product | Reduced or less fat |
| Less than 0.2g + less than 0.2g trans fat | Saturated fat free |
| Less than 2g + max 15% kcal from sat. fat | Low saturated fat |
| 25% less than comparable product (& no increased trans fat) | Reduced or less saturated fat |
| Biological sex Weight Medications Drinking on empty stomach vs. eating while you drink Chugging vs sipping Health concerns (enzyme deficiencies) | Factors that affect how alcohol is and absorbed and metabolized |
| 10 drinks a week for women, with no more than 2 drinks a day most days 15 drinks a week for men, with no more than 3 drinks a day most days | Reduce your long-term health risks by drinking no more than: |