respiration
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123 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Breathing | What does pulmonary venilation mean |
| O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood | What does external respiration mean |
| O2 and CO2 exhange between systemic blood vessels and tissues | What does internal respiration mean |
| Conducting zone, respiratory zone, respiratory muscles | What are the anatomical structures of the respiratory system organized to |
| Conduits to gas exchange sites | Conducting zone |
| Site of gas exchange | Respiratory zone |
| Diaphragm and other muscles | Respiratory muscles |
| Nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx | Three parts of pharynx |
| Upper section of respiratory tract. Conduction of air. Nasal cavity to Larynx | What is the upper respiratory system |
| Lower section of respiratory tract. Gas exchange. Trachea to Alveoli | What is the lower respiratory system |
| Tertiary bronchi as it divides, decrease in size, becomes more smooth muscle and less cartilage | What is the segmented bronchi |
| Left Smaller, has 2 lobes, oblique fissure, cardiac notch Right 3 lobes, oblique and horizontal fissures | Contrast the right and the left lungs: |
| Three on the right; Two on the left | Contrast the right and the left secondary bronchi: |
| Right | Which primary bronchi is shorter? |
| Brochioles | Which respiratory conduit contains no cartilage: the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles? |
| Nasal cavity - Nasopharynx : tissue: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium | Give the changes in respiratory mucosa along the respiratory tract: |
| Simple squamous epithelial tissue | Exchange surface of lungs: tissue |
| Conduction of air | Function of the upper respiratory tract? |
| Elastic cartilage | Epiglottis cartilage |
| Hyaline | Cuneiform cartilage |
| Elastic fibers that connect arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage | What are the vocal cords? |
| • Site for gas exchange | Describe the respiratory exchange surface |
| Is a detergent like lipid that prevents alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension in alveolar | Explain what is surfactant |
| Fluid buildup in lung | Pleura effusion |
| : Procedure to remove fluid/air from pleural space | Thoracocentesis |
| Not enough oxygen | Hypoxia: |
| Absence of oxgen | Anoxya |
| • Visceral is on external lung surface and moves interiorly to create lobules • Parietal on thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm | Explain the relationship between the visceral and the parietal pleura |
| • is the space where lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. | What is the pleural cavity? |
| Is the fluid found between the visceral and parietal pleura | What is the pleural fluid? |
| Diaphragm & External intercostals | List the muscles of quiet inspiration |
| Diaphragm & External intercostals | List the muscles involved in quiet exhalation (muscles that relaxed) |
| Scalene, Pectoralis major, Sternocleidomastoid | List the muscles that are contracted during forced inspiration |
| Abdominal muscles & Internal intercostals | List the muscles that are contracted during forced exhalation |
| Respiratory muscles contract Thoracic volume increases Lungs are stretchedIntrapulmonary volume increases Intrapulmonary pressure drops air moves into the lungs following the pressure gradient. | Explain what happens to the volume and pressure in the lungs during inhalation |
| Inspiratory muscle relaxThoracic Volume Decrease Elastic lungs recoil and intrapulmonary volume decreases air moves out of the lungs following the pressure gradient. | Explain what happens to the volume and pressure in the lungs during exhalation |
| Collapsed alveoli (collapsed lungs): caused by collapsed bronchioles, or by a pneumothorax | Atelectasis |
| Breaths per minute | Respiratory rate |
| Volume of gas inhaled/exhaled per minute | Respiratory minute volume |
| Volume of air trapped in conducting zone (Not contribute to gas exchange). Fixed volume, it does not change. | Anatomical dead space |
| The volume of air reaching the alveoli for gas exchange | Alveolar ventilation |
| A high respiratory rate with shallow breathing gives us more breaths but less air volume, and thus less alveolar ventilation. Whereas a slow respiratory rate, with deep breaths brings in more air to the alveoli. The reason for this is because the dead space volume is fixed, it does not change. | What happens to the alveolar ventilation if the respiratory rate increases but the tidal volume decreases |
| (Total Lung Capacity) Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after max inspiration: TV+IRV+ERV+RV | TLC |
| Gas exchange between capillaries and tissue | - Internal Respiration |
| : Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries | - External Respiration |
| Movement or air in and out of the lungs (alveoli) | - Ventilation: |
| Insufficient amount of surfacant | What causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in premature babies. |
| It helps open up breathing passages | Explain why epinephrine is used during an asthma attack |
| Causes enlarged air sacs and off balances the surface tension of alveoli- shortness of breath. Because the elastic tissue of the lungs (alveoli) is damaged. Elastic tissue cannot recoil anymore. | Explain how is compliance compromised in a condition called emphysema. |
| Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Give two examples of COPD. |
| 1.5% of oxygen dissolved in plasma | What % of oxygen is carried dissolved in the plasma |
| 98.5% carried by hemoglobin. | What % is carried by hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin combined with Oxygen | What is oxyhemoglobin |
| Release | - Under acidic conditions hemoglobin will (release/retain) -------------- O2 |
| Release | - An increase of CO2 in tissues can be due to high tissue activity, this increase will cause hemoglobin to (release/retain) -------------- O2 |
| Increase | - The Bohr effect: Acidic conditions (increase/decrease) --------- H+ levels. |
| Release | In the presence of acidic conditions, Hemoglobin will (release/retain) -------------- O2 and capture H+ ions |
| Release | - Metabolic reactions give off heat, active cells give off heat, active cells require more O2. Therefore, the heat from metabolism causes hemoglobin to (release/retain) -------------- O2. |
| 7-10% | Percentage of CO2 dissolved in plasma |
| 20% | Percentage of CO2 forms carbaminohemoglobin |
| 70% | Percentage of CO2 transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions |
| CO2 + H2O H2 CO3 H+ + HCO3- | This reaction occurs inside the RBC’s |
| Increased | Notice that an increase in CO2 will cause an increase in H+ ions (acidic conditions). Active tissue has an (increased/decreased) ---------------- levels of CO2. |
| Increase | The CO2 will (increase/decrease) ------------- the Bohr effect. |
| Medulla and pons | Respiratory Centers are located in |
| Peripheral chemoreceptor | Are located in the carotid artery and the aortic sinuses. |
| Increase | Increased levels of CO2 , hypercapnea, (above 40 mmHg) stimulation of respiratory centers -------------- (increase/decrease) respiratory rate |
| Decrease | Decreased levels of CO2 , hypocapnea, (below 40 mmHg) no stimulation of respiratory centers -------------- (increase/decrease) respiratory rate. |
| Yes, no | Increased of heart rate for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Yes, no | Increase respiratory rate for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| No, yes | Decrease of respiratory rate for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Yes no | Bronchiodilation for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| No,no | Bronchioconstriction for sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| • Increase in temperature, H+, P Co2 and BPG | Conditions that cause Hemoglobin to release Oxygen: |
| Internal respiration | .- Exchange of gases between tissue and capillaries is called |
| Ventilation | .- Inhalation and exhalation is called |
| Type 2 | .- Alveolar cells that secrete surfactant are |
| Bronchioles | .- Which conduit would have no cartilage, only smooth muscle? |
| .- respiratory distress syndrome, increased surface tension in alveoli | .- A lack of surfactant causes |
| Larynx, trachea, terminal brochiole, oropharynx | Which of the following organs are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? |
| Provides an airway for ventilation warms incoming air filters incoming air cleans incoming air houses olfactory receptors | Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavity? |
| Enhances turbulence of air and slows down air flow, increases mucosal area, lined with ciliated epithelium | The nasal conchae |
| .- ethmoid frontal maxillary sphenoid | Which of these bones do contain sinuses |