Name: ROCKS EARTH SCI STUDY GUIDE
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ROCKS EARTH SCI STUDY GUIDE - Details

Levels:

1) Igneous Rocks Composition View
2) Texture of Igneous Rocks View
3) Sedimentary Rocks Classification View
4) Metamorphic Rocks View
5) Rock Summary View

Questions:

68 questions

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Dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar (but no quartz)

Basaltic Composition

_______ is the main constituent of the upper mantle

Perioditite

_______ is the main constituent of the upper mantle

Peridotite

_______ is the main constituent of the upper mantle

Peridotite

Naturally occurring solid that is made up of minerals

Rocks

Magma or lava that cools down and crystallizes/solidifies

Igneous Rocks

___________ exhibit nearly white to black coloration and can contain fragments/ash or holes

Igneous Rocks

Unlike granitic rocks (10 percent dark silicate minerals), _______ contain 45 percent of said minerals

Basaltic Composition

Intermediate composition between granitic and basaltic igneous rocks

Andesitic Composition

Igneous Rock are composed mainly of ________ minerals

Silicate

4 Compositions of Igneous Rocks

Granitic; Basaltic; Andesitic; Ultramafic

Composed entirely of ferromagnesian minerals

Ultramafic Composition

Light-colored silicates (quarts and potassium feldspar) are dominant minerals

Granitic Composition

Geologists refer to granitic rocks as _______

Felsic

Geologists refer to granitic rocks as ______ , a term derived from feldspar and silica (quartz)

Felsic

Geologists refer basaltic rocks as ______ because of high percentage of dark silicate minerals

Mafic

________ contain at least 25 percent dark silicate materials

Intermediate Rocks

Most granitic rocks contain _____ percent of dark silicate minerals (biotite mica and amphibole)

________ are major constituents of the continental crust

Granitic Rocks

Dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar (but no quartz)

Basaltic Composition

Basaltic rocks contain at least ___ percent of dark silicate minerals

Geologists refer basaltic rocks as ______ because of high percentage of dark silicate minerals

Mafic

_________ make up the ocean floor as well as many of the volcanic islands located within the ocean basins

Basaltic rocks

Intermediate composition between granitic and basaltic igneous rocks

Andesitic Composition

Intermediate rocks (andesitic rocks) contain at least ____ percent dark silicate materials

This important category of igneous rocks is associated with volcanic activity

Intermediate Rocks

Perioditite,contains mostly olivine and pyroxene and thus falls on the opposite side of the compositional spectrum from granitic rock

Ultramafic Composition

Because perioditite is composed almost entirely of ferromagnesian minerals, its chemical composition is referred to as _______

Ultramafic

_______ is the main constituent of the upper mantle

Perioditite

Overall appearance of a rock, based on the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral grains

Texture

Rapid cooling produces _____ crystals

Small

Whereas very slow cooling produces much ________ crystals

Larger

Igneous rocks that form at Earth’s surface or as small intrusive masses within the upper crust, where cooling is relatively rapid, exhibit a ______.

Fine-Grained Texture

We commonly characterize ________ as being light, intermediate, or dark in color

Fine-Grained rocks

When large masses of magma slowly crystallize at great depth, they form igneous rocks that exhibit a ________

Coarse-Grained Texture

_______ consist of a mass of intergrown crystals that are roughly equal in size and large enough so that the individual minerals can be identified without the aid of a microscope

Coarse-grained rocks

If molten rock containing some large crystals moves to a different environment—for example, by erupting at the surface—the remaining liquid portion of the lava cools more quickly

Porphyritic Texture

The large crystals in porphyritic rocks are referred to as ________

Phenocrysts

Whereas the matrix of smaller crystals is called _______

Groundmass

Common features of many extrusive rocks are the voids left by gas bubbles that escape as lava solidifies.

Vesicular Texture

Another common vesicular rock, called _______, forms when silica-rich lava is ejected during an explosive eruption.

Pumice

During some volcanic eruptions, molten rock is ejected into the atmosphere, where it is quenched and cools quickly to become a solid.

Glassy Texture

______ results when unordered ions are “frozen in place” before they can unite into an orderly crystalline structure

Glass

_________, a common type of natural glass, is similar in appearance to dark chunks of manufactured glass.

Obsidian

Another group of igneous rocks is formed from the consolidation of individual rock fragments ejected during explosive volcanic.

Pyroclastic (Fragmental) Texture

A common type of pyroclastic rock,called ________, is composed of fine fragments of glass that remained hot enough to eventually fuse together

Welded tuff

Two Classifications of Sedimentary Rocks

Clastic/Detrital Sedimentary Rocks; Chemical And Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

First, sediments may originate as solid particles from weathered rocks, such as the igneous rocks. These particles are called detritus,and the sedimentary rocks they form are called

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

___________ are derived from material (ions) that is carried in solution to lakes and seas

Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

Processes by which sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks

Lithification

Two Processes of Lithification

Compaction; Cementation

As sediments accumulate through time, the weight of overlying material compresses the deeper sediments. As the grains are pressed closer and closer, pore space is greatly reduced

Compaction

Produced from preexisting igneous, sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

_________, which means “to change form,” is a process that leads to changes in the mineralogy, texture (for example, grain size), and sometimes chemical composition of rocks.

Metamorphism

Two Textures of Metamorphic Rocks

Foliated; Non-Foliated

The term _____ nearly flat arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock

Foliation

Typically develop in environments where deformation is minimal and the parent rocks are composed of minerals that have a relatively simple chemical composition, such as quartz or calcite

Non-foliated

Which process is involved in the formation of sedimentary rock?

Weathering

________ are solid mass of minerals or its aggregates.

Rocks

Three types of Rocks

Igneous; sedimentary; metamorphic

________ are magma or lava that cools down and crystallizes/solidifies. They are composed mainly of silicate minerals.

Igneous Rocks

The word ________, derived from the Latin ‘sedimentum’, means “settling,” a reference to a solid material settling out of a fluid. Weathered debris is constantly being swept from bedrock and carried away by water, ice, or wind. Eventually, the material is deposited in lakes, river valleys, seas, and countless other places.

Sedimentary

____________ are produced from preexisting igneous, sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks. Every ________ has a parent rock.

Metamorphic Rocks

The ______ is the process that describes the gradual transformation between the three main types of rocks: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. It is occurring continuously in nature through geologic time.

Rock cycle

What do you call the building blocks of lithosphere?

Rocks

When the hot magma cools fast, the crystallization of minerals will not be visible and an example of this is rhyolite. Therefore, rhyolite belongs to what category of rock?

Extrusive igneous

What process is involved in the formation of igneous rocks?

Crystallization

What process is involved in the transformation of metamorphic rocks to igneous rocks?

Melting

When a limestone pass through a process which involves pressure and heat it will transform into marble. Marble is what type of rock?

Metamorphic

The rock called limestone forms when shells of sea organisms settle to the bottom of the water and gradually become pressed and cemented together. Which type of rock is limestone?

Sedimentary

Which process is involved when a sedimentary rock changes to an igneous rock?

Melting

Which type of rock may form on Earth’s surface?

Sedimentary

Which type of rock is formed from a hardened magma?

Igneous

Which process is involved in the formation of sedimentary rock?

Weathering

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