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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, on a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis) | Cutaneous membrane(the skin) |
| Cutaneous membrane | Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium on a thick layer of connective tissue/dermis |
| Where is a mucus membrane located? | Digestive ,mouth, urinary, reproductive, respiratory |
| Where are goblet cells found? | Mucus membrane |
| Functions of mucus | Lubricating |
| Lamina propria | Attaches epithelium layer to layer or whatever’s underneath (ex: muscle) |
| Functions of lamina propria | Attached epithelium to underlying layer |
| Serous membrane lines: | Peritoneal (digestive), Pericardial (heart), Pleural (lungs) |
| How many layers does a serous membrane have and what are they called? | Two: visceral and parietal |
| Parietal | Farther from organ |
| Closer to organ | Visceral |
| What is between layers of serous membrane? | Serous fluid |
| What is serous fluid’s function and description? | Reduces friction, oily |
| Tissue repairs: | Mostly skin |
| What is needed for tissue repair?(3) | Cells that can divide, A signal to know to divide, Structural framework to rebuild the tissue on |
| Why do we need cells that can divide? | To copy/ produce more cells to replace the damaged ones |
| Where does the signal to divide come from? | The damaged cells |
| What two things is the type of repair based on? | Blood supply in injured area, Nutritional levels/ nutrient state of the individual who’s hurt |
| Types of tissue repair: | Regeneration, Fibrosis |
| Replacing the injured tissue with the same type (so no scars); cell needs to be able to divide | Regeneration |
| First stage of repair: | Inflammation |
| Signal from damaged cells | Inflammatory chemicals |
| Three things attack pathogens at injured site and form a clot: | White blood cells, Clotting proteins, Fluids |
| Second stage of repair: | Organization |
| What is the scab replaced with? (Organization) | Granulation tissue |
| In organization, what does connective tissue fill with? | Fibrous tissue |
| Function of fibers/ fibrous tissue in organization? | The fibers provide framework for the repairs, Hold the cut together |
| Third stage of tissue repair: | Regeneration or Fibrosis |
| Epithelial tissue remains the same | Regeneration |
| Contract and relax to cause movement | Skeletal muscles |
| What are cells in skeletal muscles and describe: | Muscle fibers:long, cylindrical |
| Nuclei in skeletal muscles | Many: peripheral (cell’s edges) |
| Striated muscles | Skeletal, Cardiac |
| Dark and light (striated) lines caused by: | Actin and myosin |
| Actin and myosin are proteins responsible for | Muscle contraction |
| Nucleus in smooth muscle cells (how many and where?) | One, centrally locates |
| Only found in walls of the heart (makes up the heart) | Cardiac muscle |
| Cardiac cells are joined together at unique junctions called: | Intercalated discs |
| How many/ where are(is) nucleus in cardiac cells | One in the center |
| Can INdirectly increase heart rate, but not directly-the ability to receive and respond to stimuli | Cardiac muscles |
| Muscles have a chemical stimulus (ex:hormone) ; the response is an electrical impulse that causes the muscle to respond (contract, etc.) | Excitability/Responsiveness |
| Ability to contract | Contractility |
| Extensibility | Ability to stretch farther |
| Functions of muscles: | Produce movement |
| Muscles maintaining posture vs bones | Bones are framework/structure, but muscles keep you upright and fight gravity |
| Structures that allow or prevent substances going through or in and out, by opening and closing | Valves |
| Flow of ions through biological tissue creates electrical currents which act as signals | Electrophysiology |
| Plasma membranes of muscle cells have: | Resting membrane potential |
| Charge when muscles aren’t contracting | Resting membrane potential |
| Cells have a differing concentration of ions on either side of cell membrane because: | Cells are selectively permeable |
| Let certain things in or out | Selectively permeable |
| The electrical impulse system/cycle:the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted | Action potential |
| Many action potential cycles together cause | The muscle to contract |
| First step of action potential | Acetylcholine |
| Bonds to receptor in muscle cell, signals it | Acetylcholine |
| Second step of action potential | Sodium (Na+) rushes into cell through Na+ channels (because of concentration gradient), so the charge in the membrane becomes more and more positive |
| Third step of action potential | The second step happens until cell reaches the charge needed for an electrical impulse |
| Fourth step of action potential | Once the threshold is reached, potassium stops coming: potassium(K+) leaves the cell through K+ channels. As it leaves, the charge of the cell returns to regular (resting membrane potential) |
| Fifth step of action potential | Sodium goes back out of cell/potassium comes back in , through the Na+/K+ Pump (which is constantly active) |
| The action potential electric current is needed for: | Actin/myosin to function |
| What is the smallest level/unit? | Myofilaments (found as Actin/myosin) |
| Actin and myosin together make: | Sacromeres |
| Many sarcomeres together | A muscle fiber |
| Many fascicles bundled together | Whole muscle |
| The four classes of connective tissue | Connective tissue proper |
| 3 common characteristics of of connective tissue | Common origin |
| All comes from Mesenchyme tissue ( a kind of embryonic tissue) | Common origin -connective tissue |
| Extracellular material | Matrix |
| Functions of connective tissue | Structure |
| Two types | Loose connective tissue proper |
| Loosely held together/organized, not tightly packed, more fluidous | Loose connective tissue proper |