Statistics 101
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Used by government agencies and private research organizations. Grouped by interests such as geography, school district, etc. | Cluster sampling |
A value or numerical measurement that can be added or ranked (height, weight, rank) | Quantitative variable |
A quality that cannot be measured or ranked (color, gender, nationality) | Qualitative variable |
Data arranged in order with differences between. data values and ratio of data values are meaningful | Ratio |
Values that can be counted | Discrete |
Used in inferential statistics as a decision-making process for evaluation claims about a population, based on information obtained from samples | Hypothesis testing |
The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, analyze and draw conclusions from data | Statistics |
People or objects in a study | Individuals |
When a variable is manipulated to produce observable effects | Experimental study |
The variable being manipulated by researchers in the study | Independent variable |
Group not exposed to independent variable | Control group |
When subjects who knew they were participating in an experiment changed their normal behavior in ways that altered the experiment's results | Hawthorne effect |
An unplanned variable that influences the results of the experiment | Confounding variable |
Groups or classes within a population that share a common characteristic | Stratified sampling |
The researcher uses subjects that are readily available | Convenience sampling |
The organization of raw data in table form, using classes and frequencies | Frequency distribution |