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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
what are hormoneshormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood by the endocrine glands, the hormones then travel in the blood until it reaches the target cell Once arriving at their target cell, they bind (to their target cell) to receptors on the target cell’s membrane (signal transduction)
second messenger system meaninghormones have a second messenger system, what this means is that when the hormones reach its target cell another hormone is released as it is the stimulus
three functions of hormonestropic hormones can target other endocrine glands, stimulate growth hormones and secretion sex hormones target reproductive tissue Anabolic hormones stimulate anabolism [cause smaller molecules to develop into larger ones] so an example is GH stimulates production of bone growth
what is a steroid hormoneA steroid hormone is manufactured by cholesterol and are not soluble in blood, theses hormones attach to protein for transportation
what is a steroid hormoneA steroid hormone is manufactured by cholesterol and are not soluble in blood, theses hormones attach to protein for transportation
what is a non-steroidal hormonea non steroidal hormone are manufactured by protein connects to the receptor of the target cell producing secondary hormones / messengers bringing out a cascade of effects
control of hormone secretionNormally, the overall control of how much hormone is secreted is maintained via the feedback loop Overall control is when the target cell identifies that levels have been reached & therefore stops release of the hormone targeting it
calcium (Ca) feed back loop using breast feeding as a exampleduring breast feeding calcium (Ca) is moved from the blood to the breast milk, this causes blood calcium levels to drop. the parathyroid hormone (PTH) identifies this causing otseoclasts to release Ca from the bone once blood Ca levels return to normal the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stops.
Other methods of regulating hormone releaseSometimes there is direct input from the nervous system - for example the sympathetic nervous system causes the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine/epinephrine another example is another hormone (produced by a separate, different gland) – pituitary gland produces Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce & release hormones (T3 & T4)
what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produceGrowth Hormone (GH), Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), FSH and LH , prolactin (PRL)
what hormones does the posterior pituitary gland releaseADH and oxytocin (OT)
why is the posterior pituitary gland said to be not a true endocrine glandthe posterior pituitatry gland is not a true endocrine gland because it doesn't manufacture its own hormones, instead it is an extension of the hypothalamus. the hormones are manufactured in the hypothalamus and travel to the posterior pituitary gland to be stored and the release is controlled by neurons
why is the anterior pituitary gland a true endocrine glandthe anterior pituitary gland manufactures its own hormones but its release is not controlled by neurons, but controlled by the blood portal circulation by the hypothalamus
hormones produced by the hypothalamus chain reaction meaninghormones produced by the hypothalamus travel to the the anterior pituitary gland through the hypophyseal portal system, this hormones then allows the anterior pituitary gland stimulate the release of its hormones which then go on to other gland of the endocrine system and stimulate the release of another hormone and or reach its target cell
what are the 5 classifications that the anterior pituitary gland producessomatrotrophs, corticotrophins, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophins, lactotrophins
function of somatrotrophs hormone that the hypothalamus produce then secrete in to the anterior pituitary which secrete which hormone and function of that hormone?secrete growth & somatropin hormone (GH/STH), in the anterior pituitary gland and the target cell is bone
function of corticotrophins hormone that the hypothalamus produce then secrete in to the anterior pituitary which secrete which hormone and function of that hormone?the function of cortricotrophins is to secrete adrenocorticotriphins (ACTH) this hormones target cell is the adrenal cortex which stimulates the release of cortisol
function of thyrotrophs hormone that the hypothalamus produce then secrete in to the anterior pituitary which secrete which hormone and function of that hormoneThyrotrophs secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) target cell thyroid gland. The thyroid gland then releases T3 and T4 cells
function of gonadotrophins hormone that the hypothalamus produce then secrete in to the anterior pituitary which secrete which hormone and function of that hormoneGonadotropin releasing hormone stimulate (GnRH) the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) & follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), target cells include the testes & ovaries
function of lactotrophins hormone that the hypothalamus produce then secrete in to the anterior pituitary which secrete which hormone and function of that hormoneLactotrophins secrete Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) and stimulates the release of prolactin, target cell is the mammary glands in the breast
function of somatotrophins (STH) / Growth hormone (GH)the function of somatotrophins (STH) and growth hormone (GH) is it promotes body growth by stimulating the liver and other tissue to produce another hormone called insulin-like hormone factor 1
function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)the function of thyroid stimulating hormone promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid & contributes to the release of thyroid hormone
function of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland. It also stimulates the adrenal cortex to manufacture and secrete some of its hormones
where are the adrenal glands locatedthe adrenal glands are located over the kidneys, their are two divisions of the adrenal gland which is called the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
what are the hormones released from the adrenal cortexAdrenal cortex secrete three groups of hormones called adrenocortical hormones These include mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) The gonadocorticoids affect sexual drive, sexual characteristics. These hormones are produced throughout life
what hormones does the adrenal medulla releaseThe adrenal medulla is composed of neuro-secretory tissue : epinephrine & norepinephrine (these 2 hormones are also Neurotransmitters in the nervous system for the adrenergic pathway]) So during the fight / flight response the medullary cells release 2 hormones into the blood – epinephrine & norepinephrin
function of Glucocorticoids a group of hormone released from the adrenal cortexThe main hormone is cortisol (stress hormone) cortisol releases glucose into the blood In times of stress, they promote hyperglycaemia so that skeletal muscles receive adequate glucose Promote gluconeogenesis – protein metabolism. May influence tissue wasting (via loss of proteins) & hyperglycaemia Promote gluconeogenesis via lipid metabolism
what happens when your stressthe hypothalamus releases corticotrophin releasing hormones which then reaches it target cell being the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates the release of ACTH, ACTH reaches the adrenal cortex stimulating the release of cortisol the hypothalamus senses the amount of cortisol in the blood causing glucose to be released from the liver
what hormones are released from the adrenal medullathe hormones released from the adrenal medulla are norepinephrine and epinephrine
definition of stress and what is stress“Nonspecific response of the body to any demand or change” Stress hormones are released, attach to receptors & interact with the body’s cells to bring about a result Once the stress is relieved, levels decrease (-ve feedback mechanism)
causes of stresslifting something heavy, nutrient deprivation during times of fasting or O2 deprivation during changes in atmospheric conditions, can be emotional eg about to sit an exam,
what are some normal things that may happen in the body during times of stressEnergy created, the liver is more active in preparation of glucose release HR increases, pumping more blood (O2) to muscles Arteries constrict increasing BP Veins dilate to push blood back to the heart
what is acute stressResults from events/situation that pose a threat Involve unpredicted events Leaves the person with a diminished sense of ‘control’
what is chronic stressRepeated exposure to the stressor(s) Can leave the person feeling on the ‘edge of a cliff’ where something will easily push ‘you’ over the edge continues high cortisol levels
what are the three phases of stress responsealarm, adaption and exhaustion phases
explain the alarm phase of the stress responsethe alarm phase involves 2 body systems the sympathetic and endocrine system the sympathetic is an immediate response causing nor/epinephrine to be released from the adrenal medulla the endocrine system is a slower response, cortisol is released through the adrenal cortex through a series of other hormones being released causing glycogen to be converted into glucose to be moved into the muscles
explain the adaption phase of the stress responsewhere the body undergoes some learning Overtime the person begins to learn the stressor is not as threatening as first thought The person adapts to the stressor and will no longer stimulate the sympathetic n/s and the adrenal cortex
explain the exhaustion phase of the stress responseA situation where the person does not learn to adapt & continues to perceive the stressor as a threat Results in continuing cortisol secretion, blood levels remain raised in the body for a length of time Eventually the levels do drop The consequences of this are stress exhaustion
when the person does not learn to adapt to the stressor stress exhaustion occurs what are the 3 body disruptionsStress exhaustion is associated with long term/chronic stress Linked to 3 stages of body disruption Chronic inflammation causes damage to many of the body’s tissues (autoimmune component) An acceleration of aging cells resulting in the body’s ability to repair DNA. which causes an increase in genetic mutations An increase in oxidative has been linked to degenerative changes in the brain
what is the function of calcitoninthe function of calcitonin is to regulate blood calcium levels, when blood calcium levels increase calcitonin increases Ca uptake into the bone through osteoblast which lowers calcium levels in the blood
what is the function of insulininsulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells in the pancreas, the function of insulin is to move glucose into tissues to used as energy or insulin moves glucose into the liver to be converted into glycogen to be stored in the liver until needed which causes BGL to drop
what is the function of glucagonglucagon is hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas, the function of glucagon is to convert glycogen in the liver back to glucose to be used by tissues and muscles in the body, this causes BGL to rise
function of the thyroid glandthe thyroid gland is located anterior to the trachea and inferior the larynx. its function is it regulates the metabolic rate of all cells ts release is controlled by thyrotropin (TRH) coming from the hypothalamus TRH travels to the posterior pituitary & releases / secretes Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) TSH targets the thyroid gland The thyroid gland produces thyroid & calcitonin
thyroid hormone what are the two calledT3 and T4 are the two classifications Target cells found throughout the body, particularly brain, heart, muscles making them active in metabolic processes, cell growth Need a carrier in blood, namely immunoglobulin & albumin When they near their target cell they detach from their carrier & enter the target cell
function of the parathyroid4 parathyroid glands are located on the posterior of the thyroid gland Their function is to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)the function of PTH is to regulate blood calcium levels, when blood calcium levels are low PTH increases bone break down which releases calcium into the blood It also produces a form of Vitamin D in the kidneys therefore increases Ca diffusion via the small intestine therefore increasing Ca levels
function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)the function of PTH is to regulate blood calcium levels, when blood calcium levels are low PTH increases bone break down which releases calcium into the blood It also produces a form of Vitamin D in the kidneys therefore increases Ca diffusion via the small intestine therefore increasing Ca levels