| The international dependency theory | blamed the world economic grouping
and called for its restructure in order for the third world to benefit whiles
neoclassical believed that there is too much state interference and called
for the rolling back of the state and promote a free market so as for development to take place. |
| The world is divided or grouped into two (2) economic orders; | the center (rich) and the periphery (poor) countries. |
| THE CONCEPT OF DUALISM IN ECONOMICS | Dualism is a concept widely discussed in development economics. It
represents the existence and persistence of increasing divergences
between rich and poor nations and rich and poor peoples on various
levels. |
| the concept of dualism embraces four key elements as
stated by development experts. | 1. Different sets of conditions, of which some are “superior” and others
“inferior”, can coexist in a given space.
2. This coexistence is chronic and not merely transitional. It is not due
to a temporary phenomenon, in which case time could eliminate the
discrepancy between superior and inferior elements.
3. Not only do the degrees of superiority or inferiority fail to show any
signs of diminishing, but they even have an inherent tendency to
increase.
4. The interrelations between the superior and inferior elements are
such that the existence of the superior elements does little or
nothing to pull up the inferior element let alone “tickle down” to it. |
| CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL DUALISM AND ITS MANIFESTATIONS | The neo-colonial dependence model, which is an indirect outgrowth of
Marxist thinking, attributes the existence and continuance of the third
world underdevelopment primarily to the historical evolution of a highly
unequal international capitalist system of rich country-poor country
relationships. Whether because rich nations are intentionally exploitative
or unintentionally neglectful, the coexistence of rich and poor nations in
an international system dominated by such unequal power (both
politically and economically) relationships between the center (the
developed) and the periphery (LDCs) renders attempts by poor nations to
be self-reliant and independent difficult and sometimes even impossible. |
| FALSE PARADIGM THEORY | False paradigm is another theory that demonstrates the dualistic nature
of the world in both terms. It attributes third world’s underdevelopment
to faulty and inappropriate advice provided by uninformed, biased, and
ethnocentric international experts from the developed world. |
| COMPARING DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL DUALISM | International dualism is more because it is beyond the control of the third
world since the implications are coming from the outside.
Domestic are in most cases cause or extended by the state policies which are coming from within. |
| Dualism | Dualism is an issue that will be difficult to erase in any particular society
as the head of the policy coordination and advisory service in the
presidency (Joel Netshitenzhe) at the international conference: Living on
the margins (27th May 2007) South Africa states: “categories or levels of
abstraction may change, but dualism will always exist” |
