The concept of dualism embraces four key elements as stated by development experts.

1. Different sets of conditions, of which some are “superior” and others “inferior”, can coexist in a given space. 2. This coexistence is chronic and not merely transitional. It is not due to a temporary phenomenon, in which case time could eliminate the discrepancy between superior and inferior elements. 3. Not only do the degrees of superiority or inferiority fail to show any signs of diminishing, but they even have an inherent tendency to increase. 4. The interrelations between the superior and inferior elements are such that the existence of the superior elements does little or nothing to pull up the inferior element let alone “tickle down” to it.