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Deals with tumors, including the origin, development, diagnosis, and treatment of benign and malignant neoplasms.

ONCOLOGY

Any injury, cells come to do their job on the site to have the process of regeneration and repair, but in terms of a sudden alteration of the process by some factors, neoplasm or cancer comes in

Oral Pathology

Encompasses of group of diseases that are marked by a rapid, uncontrolled cell proliferation and conversion of a normal cell into a more primitive and undifferentiated state.

Cancer

"NEW GROWTH"

NEOPLASMS

A new, often uncontrolled growth of abnormal tissue. (continuous process)

NEOPLASMS

Parasitic, abnormal mass of cells which grows more or less progressively unless excised or controlled by therapeutic intervention

NEOPLASMS

2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOPLASMS:neoplasms compete with normal tissues and cells for their metabolic needs.

BEHAVE AS PARASITES

2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOPLASMS:All neoplasms are critically dependent on an adequate blood supply derived from the host

BEHAVE AS PARASITES

2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOPLASMS:It more or less steadily increases in size regardless of their local environment and the nutritional status of the host.

AUTONOMY

A diagnostic word referring to a swelling

TUMOR

Maybe due to an inflammation, a reparative process, malformation, or neoplasm

TUMOR

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR:A slow growing neoplasm, remains localized, and usually does little harm to the host

BENIGN

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR:A neoplasm with the ability to invade Other tissues and can cause death

MALIGNANT

Transference of disease-producing organisms or of malignant or cancerous cells to other parts of the body by way of blood or lymphatic vessels or membranous surfaces

METASTASIS

Any gene that is a causative factor in the initiation of cancerous growth

ONCOGENE

Generation of tumors

ONCOGENESIS

Capability of inducing tumor formation

ONCOGENICITY

It is an organism's ability to replace body parts,

REGENERATION

A specific method of healing that is noted for its ability to regrow lost limb, severed nerve, and other wounds,

REGENERATION

Quantitative increase in the number of cells; No significant alteration in cell structure and function

HYPERPLASIA

Cells maintain normal appearance but may have larger and slightly hyperchromatic(deeply stained) nuclei and abnormally prominent nucleoli

HYPERPLASIA

Adaptive substitution by one type of adult or fully differentiated cell; Protective or adaptive response

METAPLASIA

Main cause of metaplasia

Vitamin a deficiency

FORERUNNER OF A CANCER

DYSPLASIA

Loss in the uniformity of the individual cells

DYSPLASIA

Loss of architectural orientation

DYSPLASIA

Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape)

DYSPLASIA

Deeply stained (hyperchromatic) nuclei abnormally large for the Size Of the cell

DYSPLASIA

Cells fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to each other

ANAPLASIA

Nuclei extremely large and hyperchromatic; variable and bizarre in size and shape

ANAPLASIA

Two principal criteria by which a diagnosis of cancer is made in a primary lesion.

ANAPLASIA and evidence Of INVASION Of normal tissues

Abnormal cells that have not yet spread beyond they first formed

Carcinoma in Situ

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(DIFFERENTIATION):Resembles tissue of origin

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(DIFFERENTIATION):Less differentiated

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(DIFFERENTIATION):Often atypical

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(ANAPLASIA):absent

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(ANAPLASIA):Present

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(ENLARGEMENT):Usually progressive

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(ENLARGEMENT):Progressive or erratic

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(GROWTH):Slow growing

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(GROWTH):Fast growing

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(SPREAD):Expansile

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(SPREAD):Localized

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(SPREAD):encapsulated

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(SPREAD):Invasive

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(SPREAD):Metastatic

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(SPREAD):unencapsulated

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(PROGNOSIS):Amenable to surgical removal

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(PROGNOSIS):Patient survival: good

BENIGN

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(PROGNOSIS):Immediate tx needed or progressive spread follows

MALIGNANT

BENIGN AND MALIGNANT(PROGNOSIS):poor

MALIGNANT

BENIGN NEOPLASMS:Arise from fibrous tissue, composed of fibrocytes

FIBROMA

BENIGN NEOPLASMS:Cartilaginous tumor

CHONDROMA

BENIGN NEOPLASMS:Epithelial neoplasms producing gland patterns/derived from gland

ADENOMA

BENIGN NEOPLASMS:Epithelial neoplasms growing on any surface, producing finger-like warty growths or microscopic projections.

PAPILLOMA

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS: Any stratified squamous epithelium of the body.

Squamous cell carcinoma

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS: Lesion where neoplastic epithelial cells grown in gland patterns

Adenocarcinoma

Arise from mesenchymal tissue or derivatives

SARCOMA

Arise from all 3 germ layers; epithelial

CARCINOMA

TWO BASIC COMPONENTS OF TUMORS:Proliferating neoplastic cells

PARENCHYMA

TWO BASIC COMPONENTS OF TUMORS:Largely determines biologic behavior of the tumor and is the component from which the tumor derives its name

PARENCHYMA

TWO BASIC COMPONENTS OF TUMORS:Supporting layer of connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatics

STROMA

TWO BASIC COMPONENTS OF TUMORS:Provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells

STROMA

TWO BASIC COMPONENTS OF TUMORS:Structural support of parenchyma and carries with it nutrient blood supply

STROMA

If there is parenchyma but stroma is absent, it causes ____ of the neoplasm

Death

TWO TYPES OF STROMA:“Fleshy tumor”, very little fibrous stroma, soft and fleshy

Sarcoma

TWO TYPES OF STROMA:(less connective tissue)

Sarcoma

TWO TYPES OF STROMA:Gritty hardness due to a very strong stromal proliferative reaction

Desmoplasia

TWO TYPES OF STROMA:scirrhous” (e.g. scirrhous carcinoma of the breast)

Desmoplasia

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:E.g. Cancer of mucosa at wall of gut + visceral peritoneum

SEEDING OF CANCERS

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:Reimplants at distant sites throughout peritoneal cavity

SEEDING OF CANCERS

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:Peritoneal Cavities (Pleural, pericardial, subarachnoid spaces)

SEEDING OF CANCERS

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:Transport of tumor cell fragments by surgical instruments of Surgeon’s gloved hands to sites away from the origin of the cancer.

TRANSPLANTATION

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:Most common

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:Tends to follow the natural drainage paths of the site of tumorous invasion

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:E.g. Cancer of breast(oncocytes) à axillary nodes à nodes along internal mammary artery and suprainfraclavicular regions

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:Most important other than lymphatic (because once blood vessels are invaded, metastasis or spread of cancer can be as fast as a lightning)

BLOOD VESSEL INVASION

4 PATHWAYS OF INVASION AND METASTASIS:E.g. renal carcinoma à renal vein à inferior vena cava

BLOOD VESSEL INVASION

The term used to describe a malignant transformation wherein the entire thickness of the epithelium is involved with dysplastic changes is

Carcinoma in Situ

The following are mesenchymal in origin, EXCEPT Liposarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Fibrosarcoma, Colonic polyp

Colonic polyp

Protein of extracellular matrix

LAMININ MOLECULE

Major component of the basal lamina of the basement membrane

LAMININ MOLECULE

A protein network foundation for most organs of the body

LAMININ MOLECULE

Thin fibrous extracellular matrix that separates the internal or external surface underlying the connective tissue

LAMININ MOLECULE

Closing down or assembly of tumor cell to an organ

DISSOLUTION

Recruitment of normal cell to tumor cell

INVASION

PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER:Geographic and racial factors, e.g. cancer of the skin; prone to caucasians

Xeroderma pigmentosum

PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER:Environmental and cultural influences; Inhalation of dust leads to

Lung, hepatic cancer

PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER:Environmental and cultural influences; betel nut chewing leads to

Squamous cell carcinoma

PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER:Babies, toddlers, geriatric patients; Patients with low resistance

Age and childhood cancer

PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER:Cancer na namamana

Heredity

PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER:Precancerous disorder that leads to cancer

Acquired preneoplastic disorders

PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER:Precancerous disorder that leads to cancer; endometrial hyperplasia leads to

Endometrial carcinoma

PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER:Precancerous disorder that leads to cancer ; leukoplakia leads to

Squamous cell carcinoma

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS (CHEMICAL):anti-cancer drugs but regrettably have been documented to induce lymphoid neoplasms, leukemia, and other forms of cancer.

Direct-Acting Alkylating Agent

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS (CHEMICAL):Drug taken before chemotherapy

Direct-Acting Alkylating Agent

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS (CHEMICAL):Weak carcinogens

Direct-Acting Alkylating Agent

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS (CHEMICAL): examples of Direct-Acting Alkylating Agent

Cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, bisulfan, melphalan

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS (CHEMICAL):Most potent carcinogens

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS (CHEMICAL):Usually taken from cigarette smoking

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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