PHYSIO
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Major components of the CV system | Heart blood vessels |
| Subcomponents of the CV system | Arterial system venous system microcirculation |
| 3 components of microcirculation | Arteriole capillaries venules |
| Circulation of blood thru the smallest vessels | Microcirculation |
| Blood returns to the heart thru the | IVC and SVC |
| The venous return must equal the 1)_________ and 2)________ otherwise, the blood/plasma will accumulate elsewhere because the circulatory system is a/an 3)________ system | 1 & 2: cardiac output over time 3: closed system |
| Valve that separates the RA and RV | Tricuspid valve |
| Pulmonary artery carries what type of blood to which part of the body? | Carries oxygen-poor blood going to the lungs |
| Pulmonary vein carries which type of blood to which part of the body? | Oxygen-rich blood back to the heart |
| Carries blood AWAY from the heart | Arteries/arterial system |
| Carries blood BACK to the heart | Veins/venous sytem |
| These vessels that behave like the pulmonary vessels | Umbilical arteries (2) and umbilical vein (1) |
| From the LA, blood will flow to the LV thru the | Mitral valve |
| Stroke volume is ejected during cardiac contraction to the 1) _________ circulation; involves the opening of the 2) ________ | 1. systemic 2. aortic valve |
| Moves the blood along the CVS | Pressure gradient |
| Blood flow from the LV is propelled along the circulatory system from a high pressure 1)______ system to a low pressure 2)______ system | 1. high pressure arterial system 2. low pressure venous system |
| Maximal pressure point – corresponds to the | Systolic BP (~120 mmHg) |
| Minimal pressure point - corresponds to the | Diastolic BP (~80 mmHg) |
| Systemic circulation has a relatively 1)______ pressure compared to that of the pulmonary circulation but the pattern is the same because blood is propelled along a pressure gradient from a 2)_____ pressure arterial side to a 3)______ pressure venous side | 1) higher pressure 2) high pressure arterial side 3) low pressure venous side |
| 1) _______ has thick vascular wall compared to other blood vessels which tells us that it functions to 2) ______________ | 1. aorta 2. transport blood under high pressure |
| The aorta has more 1) ________ tissue than fibrous tissue which means that it is a/an 2)______ artery | 1. elastic tissue 2. elastic artery |
| In contrast with the aorta, has more smooth muscles but still with some elastic tissue | Terminal arterioles |
| The presence of smooth muscles allow the arterioles to function as a stopcock regulating blood flow to the capillaries by either ____________ | Vasoconstriction or vasodilation |
| Lined by a single-cell thick endothelium, no elastic or smooth tissue, no smooth muscles | Capillary wall |
| The thinness of capillaries tells us that capillaries are a good site for the exchange of 1) ______, 2)_______, 3)_______ between the blood and the tissue | 1. fluid 2. nutrients 3. hormones |
| How do the RBCs flow through the capillaries? | RBCs flow thru the capillary one by one |
| Where does the unidirectional blood flow start? | Aorta -> going to the systemic circulation |
| ________ have the smallest blood flow rate | Skin and heart |
| Arterial pressure (Pa) is controlled by either 1_________ or 2____________ | 1. cardiac output control 2. local blood flow control (TPR) |
| Cardiac output is controlled by the | Sum of all tissue flows |
| Enumerate the physiology of hemodynamics (3) | 1. distensible tubes (blood vessels) 2. heterogenous fluid (blood) 3. pulsatile flow |
| Formula for CO | CO = SV x HR (L/min) |
| Veins and venules are known as _________ and they fxn as ________. why? | Capacitance vessels volume reservoir because much of the BV will remain in the veins and venules |
| Flow is identical to what hemodynamic parameter? | Cardiac output |
| Relationship between velocity and cross-sectional area | Inversely proportional |
| As cross-sectional increases | The velocity decreases |
| Velocity is ________ proportional to flow rate | Directly proportional |
| Which vascular segment will have the most rapid velocity of blood flow? | Aorta (only 2.5 cm^2) |
| Which vascular segment will have the SLOWEST velocity of blood flow? | Capillaries (2500 cm^2) |
| The capillaries have large cs area and a slow velocity and this allows what? | - allows exchanges of diffusable substances between blood and tissues |
| Velocity is _______ proportional to pressure | Directly proportional |
| 2 main determinants of blood flow in the body | 1. pressure gradient 2. resistance |
| Flow is __________ proportional to your intravascular pressure gradient | Directly (Q= deltaP / R) |
| It is the change in pressure from inlet of the blood vessel and the outlet along a given length | Pressure gradient (delta P) |
| 2 Main Pressures that determine the movement of blood flow in the systemic circulation | 1. pressure inlet 2. pressure outlet |
| Pressure inlet represents the | Aortic pressure |
| The 1)_______ is the first segment of the systemic circulation that receives blood from the left ventricle under 2)_______ pressure | 1. aorta 2. high pressure |
| The pressure outlet is represented by the | Central venous pressure (CVP) |
| Is the sum of all resistances across all segments of the blood vessels in the systemic circulation | TPR |
| Blood is a heterogeneous fluid → flow in layers → layers are called | Lamina (see figure. blood flows in layers) |
| What do you call the the force that is exerted by the blood vessel wall to the blood flow? | Shear stress |
| The sight setting that will cause a projectile to hit the center of the target with no wind blowing | Zero |
| The central portion of blood flow will be _______ because it is farthest from the vessel wall | Fastest |
| Occurs when laminar flow is disrupted | Turbulent flow |
| Whether a flow becomes turbulent or not, it is determined by the | Reynold’s Number (NR) |
| If NR is > 3000 = _________ BLOOD FLOW | Turbulent blood flow |
| If NR less than _____ = laminar blood flow | Less than 2000 |
| If NR is between 2000-3000 blood flow is | Transitional |
| Are variables that also determines the dynamic component of pressure based on Bernoulli’s equation | ? ??? ? (density and velocity) |
| What happens to the NR when you decrease the diameter of the blood vessel? will it decrease NR as well? | No, since density and velocity (the Pdyn in Bernoulli's eq'n) are the same, it will not decrease the NR. all the other variables must be constantly decreased or increased for the NR to be affacted |