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are usually prepared by employing pharmaceutically and therapeutically acceptable vehicles prepared by putting different solvent and usually the active ingredients may be dissolve in an AQUEOUS MEDIA or ORGANIC SOLVENT or the combination of two: o Either the combination of aqueous media and organic solvent o Aqueous media alone or organic solvent alone

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LIQUID PREPARATIONS Solutions, Extracts, Suspensions, and Emulsions

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Are usually prepared by employing pharmaceutically and therapeutically acceptable vehicles prepared by putting different solvent and usually the active ingredients may be dissolve in an AQUEOUS MEDIA or ORGANIC SOLVENT or the combination of two: o Either the combination of aqueous media and organic solvent o Aqueous media alone or organic solvent alone

LIQUID PREPARATIONS Solutions, Extracts, Suspensions, and Emulsions

Advantages of liquid preparation

1 formulated for different routes / employed either orally and externally 2 the dose can be easily adjusted by dilution 3 oral liquid form is ready to be administered or convenient for children / OLD PEOPLE who cant swallow properly

TWO TYPES of LIQUID PREPARATION

1 SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM or SOLUTION 2 TWO-PHASE SYSTEM or DISPERSED SYSTEM

SINGLE PHASE SYSTEMS or SOLUTIONS

1 Aqueous solutions 2 Sweet and Other Viscid Aqueous Solutions 3 Non-Aqueous Solutions

TWO-PHASE SYSTEM or DISPERSED SYSTEMS

1 Suspension 2 Emulsion 3 Colloidal Dispersions/Sol

Aqueous Solutions

1 Aromatic waters 2 Diluted Acids 3 Douches 4 Enemas 5 Gargles 6 Mouthwashes 7 Juices 8 Nasal Solutions 9 Otic solutions 10 Irrigation solutions

Sweet and Other Viscid Aqueous Solutions

1 Syrups 2 Honeys 3 Mucilages 4 Jellies

Non-Aqueous Solutions

1 Alcoholic and hydroalcoholic solutions 2 Ethereal solutions 3 Glycerine solutions 4 Oleaginous solutions 5 Medicated Solutions for Vaporization 6 Topical solutions 7 Extractives

1 Non-Aqueous Solutions - Alcoholic and hydroalcoholic solutions 2 Non-Aqueous Solutions - Ethereal solutions

1) 1 Elixirs 2 Spirits 2) 1 Colloidons

1 Non-Aqueous Solutions - Oleaginous solutions 2 Non-Aqueous Solutions - Medicated Solutions for Vaporization

1) 1 Liniments 2 Oleavitamins 3 Toothache drops 2) 1 Inhalations 2 Inhalants

1 Non-Aqueous Solutions - Topical solutions 2 Non-Aqueous Solutions - Extractives

1) 1 Sprays 2 Astringents 3 Local Anti-infectives 2) 1 Extracts 2 Fluid extracts 3 Tinctures

1 Disperse systems - Suspensions 2 Disperse systems - Emulsions

1) 1 Gels 2 Lotions 2) 1 Microemulsion 2 Multiple emulsion

Disperse systems - Colloidal dispersions/Sol

1 Aerosol

Liquid preparation that ONE OR MORE SUBSTANCES that can be liquid, solid or gas and can be dissolve in a suitable solvent or liquid HOMOGENOUS solute and solvent the SOLUTE in the solution is BELOW THE SOLUBILITY LIMIT expressed in PERCENT STRENGTH in dilute: PPM or PPP

SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM OR SOLUTION

CLEAR LIQUID preparation or transparent in color and usually HOMOGENOUS in nature

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

CLEAR, SATURATED AQUEOUS SOLUTION of volatile oil or other aromatic or volatile substances Used as a FLAVORANT or perfume vehicle for water soluble drugs. AQUEOUS PHASE for some emulsion and suspension (state disadvantages)

Aromatic Waters disadvantage: 1 salting out 2 may reduce the solubility of the substance 3 deteriorate with time

Preparations for AROMATIC WATER

1 Distillation/Cohobation 2 Solution method 3 Alternate solution method (read their procedures in the copy)

Aqueous solution of INORGANIC OR ORGANIC ACIDS of suitable strength they only have PERCENT STRENGTH OF 10% W/V Used as INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION

Diluted Acids

1 Preparation for Diluted Acids 2 used for the treatment of ACHLORHYDRIA (absence of HCl in the stomach).

1 dilute concentrated acid with purified water 2 Diluted HCl, USP

DIRECTED against a PART or INTO BODY CAVITY for the CLEANSING in an ANTISEPTIC ACTION dispensed in POWDERED FORM then add specific quantity of warm water or any solvent. Sometimes, add BORIC ACID AS LUBRICANT. Cleansing, and Antiseptic agent

Douches

IN DOUCHES 1 In using douches, we use __ to point wherever we want to clean 2 Usually dispensed in powdered form then add specific quantity of warm water or any solvent. Sometimes, add __ as lubricant. 3 Examples of douches

. 1 bulb syringe 2 boric acid 3 Eye douche, pharyngeal douches, nasal, and vaginal douches

Enemas types

1 Evacuation enemas 2 Absorption/retention enemas 3 Aminophylline retention enema

Evacuates bowel. USED when the patient will UNDERGO COLONOSCOPY

Evacuation enemas

Use for local disease or affect local disease. It has anthelminthic nutritive, sedative or stimulating properties. Sometimes used for ROENTGENOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

Absorption/Retention Enemas

An examination that ADD RADIOPAQUE SUBSTANCES for the EXAMINATION OF LOWER BOWEL. Add to the enemas then to the bowel then the bowel will LIGHT UP when undergo with this kind of examination

Roentgenographic Examination

– Usually RETAINED IN THE INTESTINE in SMALLER AMOUNT or also called as MICRO-ENEMA. are usually formulated together with ETHANOL and PROPYLENE GLYCOL. As a result it can CREATE MICRO-ENEMAS which can be retained up to the intestine in smaller amounts. USED for LOCAL SITE OF DISEASE. Example is Hydrocortisone enemas

Aminophylline Retention Enema

These are aqueous solutions that are frequently CONTAINING either ANTISEPTIC, ANTIBIOTICS OR ANESTHETICS used for TREATING PHARYNX AND NASOPHARYNX. This is by FORCING AIR FROM THE LUNGS to the GARGLE which is held in the THROAT. Should be held in the throat for 30 SECONDS The air that is forced out from the lungs will go to pharynx and nasopharynx and then treat the condition Diluted with water.

Gargles

Gargles examples

1 Cepacaine 2 Nystatin 3 Hydrogen peroxide 4 Bactidol

1 a TOPICAL ANESTHETIC used to relieve PHARYNGEAL AND ORAL PAIN. 2 used to TREAT ORAL FUNGAL INFECTIONS 3 used in the treatment of PHARYNGITIS and VINCENT STOMATITIS (painful infection and ulceration in the mouth and throat. Usually start from the infection of the gums).

1 Cepacaine 2 Nystatin 3 Hydrogen peroxide

It is EMPLOYED FOR DEODORANT, refreshing, and SOMETIMES ANTISEPTIC. MOSTLY AQUEOUS solution with some alcohol. Usually incorporate alcohol which serves as a solvent and also preservative. 10-20% OF ALCOHOL AS PRESERVATIVE. It also has GLYCERIN AND SORBITOL serves as HUMECTANT (prevents the drying up of the solution) and gives sweetness in the preparation. 5-20% OF TOTAL PREPARATION. Presented with PLEASANTLY FLAVORED and COLORED according to flavor Intended by SWISHING THE LIQUID around the oral cavity.

Mouthwashes

Mouthwashes 1 __ serves as humectant (prevents the drying up of the solution) and gives sweetness in the preparation. 5-20% of total preparation. 2 In recent developments, mouthwash is also use as dosage form __ 3 sometimes employ to mouthwash. The purpose of this is to treat painful side effects of chemotherapy

. 1 Glycerin and Sorbitol 2 for painful effects after cancer chemotherapy 3 Antihistamine, Hydrocortisone, Nystatin, and Tetracycline

Type of Mouthwashes

1 Therapeutic mouthwash -allopurinol -pilocarpine -amphotericin B 2 Cosmetic mouthwash - Chlorohexidine gluconate 3 Diagnostic purposes - Toluidine blue mouth rinse

Mouthwashes

MOUTHWASHES 1 (used for STOMATITIS or INFLAMED and SORE MOUTH) 2 (used for DRY MOUTH) 3 (Used for CANDIDIASIS)

. 1 Allopurinol 2 Pilocarpine 3 Amphotericin B

(Used for PLAQUE CONTROL) MOUTHWASH

Chlorhexidine gluconate

(It will TURN THE CAVITY INTO BLUE. It is used to detect oral cancer and lesions).

Toluidine blue mouth rinse

1 Type of mouthwash usually used to reduce the plaque, gingivitis, dental caries, and stomatitis. 2 Type of moutwash - Usually seen in the grocery. - Formulated to reduce bad breath through the use of antimicrobial and also flavoring agents.

1 Therapeutic mouthwash 2 Cosmetic mouthwash

- Usually seen in the grocery. - Formulated to reduce bad breath through the use of antimicrobial and also flavoring agents.

Cosmetic mouthwash

Prepared from FRESH RIPE FRUIT Aqueous; USED FOR MAKING SYRUPS; Employed as VEHICLES and FLAVORANTS for other drug product. Fresh ripe fruit are allowed to stand at room temperature for several days until the pectin (structural fibers that are naturally present in fresh ripe fruits) are destroyed by enzymatic action. As a result, it will yield a CLEAR SOLUTION WITH ALCOHOL.

Juices

Juices 1 Preservative such as __ is employed if fresh ripe fruit is used in the preparation. 2 Fresh ripe fruit are allowed to stand at room temperature for several days until the __ (structural fibers that are naturally present in fresh ripe fruits) are destroyed by enzymatic action. As a result, it will yield a __ 3 Pectin causes __ in the final syrup

. 1 benzoic acid 2 pectin, clear solution with alcohol 3 precipitation

Type of Juices

1 Commercial juices 2 Cranberry juice

1 used to prepare extemporaneous preparation of CHOLESTYRAMINE (substance used to lower high levels of cholesterol in blood). 2 Used in controlling some urinary tract infections and also UROLITHIASIS.

1 Orange, apple, grape, and mixed vegetables 2 Cranberry juice

These are designed to be ADMINISTERED IN NASAL PASSAGES. Either in DROPS OR SPRAYS also in the FORM OF EMULSIONS OR SUSPENSIONS. BIOAVAILABILITY of this are usually DECREASE as MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE COMPOUND INCREASES. To enhance, employ surfactant to enhance the absorption of larger molecules.

Nasal Solutions

We also have nasal solution in the form of emulsions or suspensions. Since they are intended for nasal, they should be maintained in isotonic and slightly buffered to maintain a pH of __

5.5 – 6.5 (pH)

EFFECTS of Nasal Solutions 1 they give Local sympathomimetic effects. These 2 drugs is used as a decongestant. 2 gives Systemic effects; (Used for the TREATMENT OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS) 3 gives Systemic effects; (Used for MILK PRODUCTION PRIOR TO BREAST FEEDING.)

. 1 Ephedrine sulfate nasal solution USP, and Naphazoline hydrochloride nasal solution USP. 2 Lypressin nasal solution USP 2 Oxytocin nasal solution USP

Also known as EAR OR AURAL PREPARATION Used for the REMOVAL OF EXCESSIVE CERUMEN OR EARWAX used for the TREATMENT OF EAR INFECTIONS, INFLAMMATIONS, OR PAIN MAIN SOLVENT includes WATER AND GLYCERIN OR PROPYLENE GLYCOL.

Otic Solutions

In Otic Solutions, __ permits the drug to REMAIN IN THE EAR for a long time. Anhydrous form of this reduces the swelling around the ear tissues by removing moisture.

Glycerin

1 Used to relieve pain, congestion, and swelling cause my MIDDLE EAR INFECTION 2 used to TREAT INFECTIONS OF EAR CANAL. It also helps provide relief from redness, irritation, and discomfort of certain ear problems.

1 Antipyrene and benzocaine otic solution 2 Neomycin, polymyxin B sulfates, and hydrocortisones otic solutions

Must meet USP requirements on sterility, total solids, and bacterial endotoxin tests. Sterile non pyrogenic solutions ❖ Sterile NON PYROGENIC SOLUTIONS ❖ Purpose: to wash or bathe surgical incisions such as wounds or body tissues. ❖ USED DIRECTLY IN OPEN WOUNDS because they are prone to infections. ❖ Prepared by DISSOLVING ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN WATER FOR INJECTION.

Irrigation solutions

TYPES OF Irrigation solutions

1 Acetic acid Irrigation or the bladder Irrigation 2 Dimethyl Sulfoxide Irrigation 3 Glycine Irrigation 4 Ringer’s Irrigation 5 Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates Solution for Irrigation 6 Sodium Chloride Irrigation

1 directly USED TO CLEAN BLADDER 2 Used to relieve the INTESTINAL CYSTITIS or INFLAMMATION OF BLADDER

1 Acetic acid Irrigation or the bladder Irrigation 2 Dimethyl Sulfoxide Irrigation

1 Used for TRANSURETHRAL PROSTATIC RESECTION (a surgical procedure that involves cutting away a section of a prostate. Usually enlargement of prostate= cant urinate) 2 Commonly used for GENERAL IRRIGATION.

1 Glycine Irrigation 2 Ringer’s Irrigation

1 Used for infections. 2 Used for washing wounds.

1 Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates Solution for Irrigation 2 Sodium Chloride Irrigation

Are concentrated viscous aqueous preparations of sugar or sugar substitute with or without added flavouring and medicinal substances Serves as a vehicle For sugar coating of tablets are very saturated; tendency to crystallize

Syrups

Gellies 1 As a topical anesthetic 2 As contraceptive. It contains surfactants to enhance spermatocide properties (It kills sperms). We add __ for desirable odor.

. 1 Therapeutic vaginal jellies 2 Methyl salicylate and Eucalyptol

Syrups 1 To avoid crystallization, increase solubility, we add __ 2 add alcohol to syrup at __% 3 If mixed with more than __ concentration of sucrose, It becomes SELF-PRESERVING. 4 If below 65%, add __

. 1 glycerine and sorbitol 2) 5-10% 3) 65% 4 preservatives

Gellies 1 As a topical anesthetic 2 As contraceptive. It contains surfactants to enhance spermatocide properties (It kills sperms). We add __ for desirable odor.

. 1 Therapeutic vaginal jellies 2 Methyl salicylate and Eucalyptol

Types of syrup

1 Simple Syrup 2 Medicated Syrup 3 Flavored Syrup

- Concentrated solutions of sucrose in purified water alone. It contains 65% -85% of sucrose concentration. - SELF-PRESERVING syrup - It doesn’t need preservatives - Substitute for sucrose: Sorbitol, Glycerine, and propylene glycol. - Nonglycogenetics, a sugar substitute, used for diabetic patients since they are not hydrolysed and not absorbed in the bloodstream. Examples: Methylcellulose and Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose.

Simple Syrup

A sugar substitute, used for diabetic patients since they are not hydrolysed and not absorbed in the bloodstream

Nonglycogenetics ex. Methylcellulose and Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose.

Substitute for sucrose in simple syrup:

Sorbitol, Glycerine, and propylene glycol.

- Containing a therapeutic or medicinal agent. - Available in the market for kids such as expectorant syrups and etc. - Incorporated with active ingredients

Medicated Syrup

- Intended to serve as a pleasant tasting vehicle or flavorant for medicines. - It contains little to no alcohol because they are the vehicle of choice for many drugs that are prescribed for children. (STATE THE DISADVANTAGE)

Flavored Syrup DISADVANTAGE: Since it is made up of sucrose, they promote dental caries and gingivitis.

Preparations for Syrup

1 Solution with the aid of heat 2 Solution by agitation 3 Reconstitution 4 Percolation

- Suitable preparation if the constituents are not volatile or not easily degraded by heat. - Desirable method in making syrup.

Solution with the aid of heat

For constituents that are easily degraded by heat and are volatile. - mix the solution continuously - More time consuming but the result of the product has greater stability than from solution with the aid of heat. - DISADVANTAGE: time consuming.

Solution by agitation

Addition of sucrose to a prepared medicated or flavored liquid

Reconstitution

- Passage of a solvent through a bed of sucrose at 1 ml/min. Example: IPECAC syrup (to induce vomiting)

Percolation

❖ Thick liquid preparation and somewhat allied to syrups ❖ Base are honey instead of syrup ❖ Same with sucrose but it is organic ❖ Not common today because of Difficulties in the preparation as well as in supply. ❖ Not for babies or infants (2 years old and below) because they can have __

Honeys

Honeys are not for infants because of __

Botulism. They don’t have bacteria that can fight off botulism.

❖ Thick, viscid, adhesive liquids They can be made up of Natural and Synthetic gums. Usually made from natural gums prone to decomposition It is used as bulk laxative It can give sweetness to the preparation. Therefore, it is a flavorant.

Mucilage DISADVANTAGE: -prone to decomposition -decreases viscosity upon storage -MUST be used immediately -Difficult to prepare, uneven wetting of gums

Mucilage commonly used as suspending agent

Methylcellulose Oral Solution, USP

Preparations for Mucilage

1 Dispersion of gums in water 2 Extraction of mucilages and its principles from vegetable materials

Class of gels in which the structural coherent matrix contains a high portion of liquid, particularly water A whole gum than powdered gum is desirable to prepare a clear preparation of uniform consistency. are same with mucilage prepared with similar techniques BUT differ only on its consistency. Used as lubricant for surgical gloves, catheters, and rectal thermometers.

Jellies

1 When we add When we add medicated agent or active ingredient to JELLIES, they become __ 2 When incorporated with medicated agent, we must add preservatives like __

1 prone to microbial contamination 2 P-hydroxybenzoate.

Gellies 1 As a topical anesthetic 2 As contraceptive. It contains surfactants to enhance spermatocide properties (It kills sperms). We add __ for desirable odor.

. 1 Therapeutic vaginal jellies 2 Methyl salicylate and Eucalyptol

Clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids for oral use 5-40% alcohol and water. water - incr. solubility, decrease alcohol effect Less sweet and less viscous. More fluid than syrup It may also contain glycerines and syrup to increase the solubility of the medicinal agents and serves as a sweetening agent.

Elixirs

1 SELF-PRESERVING elixir contains __ alcohol 2 Elixir contains alcohol therefore Incompatible with __ from aqueous solutions. When mixed together, it will cause precipitation or salting out.

1) 10-20% alcohol 2 acacia, tragacanth, and inorganic salts

Types of Elixirs:

1 Aromatic elixirs 2 Medicated Elixir

- Contains 20-23% alcohol. - Used as flavor and vehicles

Aromatic elixirs

- When therapeutic substances are incorporated to aromatic elixir - Aromatic elixir with therapeutic substances or active ingredients - Examples: • Dexamethasone Elixir, USP - An Immunosuppressant - To treat arthritis, blood immune system disorder, and any allergic reactions. • Phenobarbital Elixir, USP - To treat or prevent seizures.

Medicated Elixir

Elixir 1 To treat or prevent seizures. 2 - An Immunosuppressant - To treat arthritis, blood immune system

. 1 Phenobarbital Elixir, USP 2 Dexamethasone Elixir, USP

Preparations for Elixir

A) Simple solution with agitation b) Admixture of 2 or more liquid ingredients

Known as essences. Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances which contains 60% of alcohol Like aromatic waters, the active ingredients may be solid, liquid, or gas. used as flavoring and medicinal agents. - taken orally, applied externally, and by inhalation. (State the disadvantage)

Spirits DISADVANTAGE: - When mixed with water or other aqueous preparation, the volatile substance and spirits will generally separate from the solution and form MILKY PREPARATION. - Salts may precipitate from aqueous solution in the addition of spirits

- Must not be mixed with aqueous preparation containing alkaloids because it can cause precipitation and salting out. - Made to smell when a person faints. - Usually found in your first aid kit.

USP prep of Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

Spirits Usually found in your first aid kit.

• Camphor spirit • Compound orange spirit • Peppermint spirit • Ethyl Nitrite Spirit/ Amyl Nitrite Spirit

Preparations for Spirits

A) Simple solution with agitation - Ex. For aromatic spirits of ammonia b) Solution with maceration - Commonly used for oils like in peppermint spirits. Mix oils and let it stand for 24 hours and then filter. c) Chemical reactions - Ex. Ethyl Nitrite spirit d) Distillation - For Brandy/Spiritus Vini Vitis - from fermented juice or ripe grapes - and Whisky/ Spiritus Fermenti – from malted grain

Spirits Preparation method for: 1 aromatic spirits of ammonia 2 peppermint spirits 3 Ethyl Nitrite spirit 4 Brandy/Spiritus Vini Vitis and Whisky/ Spiritus Fermenti

. 1 Simple solution with agitation 2 Solution with maceration 3 Chemical reactions 4 Distillation

1 Brandy other name 2 Whisky other name

1 Spiritus Vini Vitis 2 Spiritus Fermenti

❖ Liquid preparations contains pyroxylin or nitrated cellulose in a mixture of 3 parts ether (such as ethyl ester) and 1 part alcohol (ethanol) ❖ Intended to be applied to the skin by means of soft crush or suitable applicator. ❖ Ether and ethanol when evaporated, they will leave a film of pyroxylin on the surface. Ex. Duofilm- for warts

Colloidons

Is also known as soluble gun cotton, nitrocellulose, or colloidon cotton. This is produced or obtained by the action of the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton.

Pyroxylin

- Contains 2% camphor (makes product water proof) and 3% castor oil (makes it flexible) - Used as a water repellent protective for minor cuts, scratches, and Chigger bites (bites form mites).

• Colloidon, USP • Flexible Colloidon, USP

- Also known as duofilm. - Composed of flexible colloidon + 10% salicylic acid - Treat warts with less irritation.

• Salicylic acid colloidon, USP